A contract of insurance provided an indemnity for ‘all sums which the insured shall become legally liable to pay as compensation in respect of loss of property’. The claim was by the Post Office against a contractor, Potters, for damaging one of their cables which in consequence the Post Office had to repair. Before the Post Office had sued Potters, Potters went into liquidation. The Post Office sued the insurance company direct purporting to make use of the 1930 Act, but before the Post Office’s claim against Potters had been the subject of adjudication or agreement.
Held: A third party claimant could not sue the insurer directly, pursuant to the 1930 Act, until the existence and amount of the liability of the insured had been established by judgment or award or agreement. The reason for this was that the rights transferred by the Act were subject to the terms of the policy. Since the insured could not have claimed an indemnity until their liability had been established, the Post Office could be in no better position. The insurers’ argument that the Post Office had no cause of action against the insurers until the establishment of the existence and amount of the liability of the insured was therefore accepted. Though leave was necessary to begin or continue proceedings against a company in liquidation, the court considered that leave ought to be given automatically if the 1930 Act were applicable.
Lord Denning MR said: ‘It seems to me that the insured only acquires a right to sue for the money when the liability to the injured person has been established so as to give rise to a right of indemnity. His liability to the injured person must be ascertained and determined to exist, either by judgment of the court or by award in arbitration or by agreement. Until that is done the right to an indemnity does not arise.’
The liability must be ‘ascertained and determined to exist’, and that this may be achieved by judgment, arbitration award or agreement: ‘In these circumstances I think the right to sue for these moneys does not arise until the liability of the wrongdoer is established and the amount ascertained. How is this to be done? If there is an unascertained claim for damages in tort, it cannot be proved in the bankruptcy; nor in the liquidation of the company. But nevertheless the injured person can bring an action against the wrongdoer. ‘
Salmon LJ said that when the liability is established, it dates from the date when the cause of action arose: ‘The case really resolves itself into this simple question: Could Potters on June 17, 1965, have successfully sued their insurers for the sum of andpound;839 10s 3d which they were denying they were under any obligation to pay the Post Office? Stated in that way, I should have thought the question admits of only one answer. Obviously Potters could not have claimed that money from their insurers. It is quite true that if Potters in the end are shown to have been legally liable for the damage resulting from the accident to the cable, their liability in law dates from the moment when the accident occurred and the damage was suffered. But whether or not there is any legal liability and, if so, the amount due from the Potters to the Post Office can, in my view, only be finally ascertained either by agreement between Potters and the Post Office or by an action or arbitration between Potters and the Post Office. ‘
Judges:
Lord Denning MR, Salmon LJ
Citations:
[1967] 2 QB 363, [1967] 1 Lloyds Rep 216
Statutes:
Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930
Jurisdiction:
England and Wales
Citing:
Approved – West Wake Price and Co v Ching 1957
A clerk employed by a firm of accountants defrauded two of the firm’s clients of andpound;20,000 over a period of about three years.
Held: One can not ‘pay’ a cause of action.
Devlin J said: ‘I think that the primary meaning of the word . .
Cited by:
Cited – First National Tricity Finance Ltd v OT Computers Ltd; In re OT Computers Ltd (in administration) CA 25-May-2004
The company had gone into liquidation. They had sold consumer policies as extended warranties on behalf of the claimant. The company had insured its own joint liability under the contracts, and the claimant sought information from the company’s . .
Mentioned – Aer Lingus v Gildacroft Ltd and Another CA 17-Jan-2006
The claimant had been found liable to pay damages for personal injury, and now sought contribution from the defendants. The defendants said that they were out of time since the contribution action had been commenced more than 2 years after the . .
Cited – Law Society of England and Wales and others v Shah and others ChD 30-Nov-2007
Solicitor firms had been made bankrupt leaving a shortfall after thefts from client accounts of over 12 million pounds. The thief had diappeared, and the other partners were now discharged form bankruptcy. The Law Society accepted that it could not . .
Attacked – Bradley v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd HL 1989
Mrs Bradley was employed by Dart Mill several times from 1933 and 1970 and acquired byssinosis from inhaling cotton dust. The company was wound up in 1975 and dissolved in 1976. In 1984 she applied to the court for pre-action disclosure under . .
Cited – Teal Assurance Company Ltd v WR Berkley Insurance (Europe) Ltd SC 31-Jul-2013
An international engineering company had several layers of professional indemnity insurance. The top later did not cover claims originating in the US or Canada. The several insurers now disputed apportionment of liability between them. The . .
Lists of cited by and citing cases may be incomplete.
Insurance, Insolvency
Leading Case
Updated: 19 August 2022; Ref: scu.198401