Assemply’s Power to Enact for Referendum
The Board heard a referral from the Manitoba government to the Court of King’s Bench for a ruling upon the question of whether the Manitoba Legislative Assembly had jurisdiction to enact a referendum act. Mathers CJ had decided that the legislature had such authority. The Court of Appeal overturned that decision. The parties took the matter directly to the Privy Council without going first to the Supreme Court of Canada.
Held: The lieutenant Governor had no such power. Viscount Haldane ruled the legislation unconstitutional. The Act, which would permit an initiative voted upon by voters at large to become law if approved by a majority without passage through the legislature and without royal assent, was unconstitutional. A ‘legislature may not ‘create and endow with its own capacity a new legislative power not created by the Act to which it owes its own existence’
The scheme of the Constitution Act, 1867 was ‘not to weld the Provinces into one, nor to subordinate Provincial Governments to a central authority, but to establish a central government in which these Provinces should be represented, entrusted with exclusive authority only in affairs in which they had a common interest. Subject to this each Province was to retain its independence and autonomy and to be directly under the Crown as its head.’
The Board stated (obiter) that while a legislature could delegate legislation to subordinate agencies: ‘it does not follow that it can create and endow with its own capacity a new legislative power not created by the British North America Act to which it owes it own existence.’
Viscount Haldane expressed a reservation that the ability to legislate for the government of a territory does not extend to establishing a legislature for a self-governing territory armed with general legislative authority: ‘No doubt a body, with a power of legislation on the subjects entrusted to it so ample as that enjoyed by a Provincial Legislature in Canada, could, while preserving its own capacity intact, seek the assistance of subordinate agencies, as had been done when in Hodge v. The Queen, the Legislature of Ontario was held entitled to entrust to a Board of Commissioners authority to enact regulations relating to taverns; but it does not follow that it can create and endow with its own capacity a new legislative power not created by the Act to which it owes its own existence. Their Lordships do no more than draw attention to the gravity of the constitutional questions which thus arise.’
Viscount Haldane
[1919] AC 935
Canada
Constitutional
Leading Case
Updated: 01 November 2021; Ref: scu.393375
