The defendant appealed against a Magistrate’s order for his committal for failure to make payments under a maintenance order registered at the court. Held: The Magistrate did not have power to commit the defendant to prison without having satisfactory evidence of his ability to pay. Judges: Holman J Citations: [2013] EWHC 3688 (Fam), [2014] 1 … Continue reading Constantinides v Constantinides: FD 6 Nov 2013
Appeals were brought complaining as to the apparent reversal of the burden of proof in road traffic cases and in cases under the Terrorism Acts. Was a legal or an evidential burden placed on a defendant? Held: Lord Bingham of Cornhill said: ‘The overriding concern is that a trial should be fair, and the presumption … Continue reading Sheldrake v Director of Public Prosecutions; Attorney General’s Reference No 4 of 2002: HL 14 Oct 2004
The defendant had applied for an adjournment of the council’s application for a liability order. The court made an order without considering the application, not having been told of it. On later discovering the application, they set aside the liability order to consider the application. The council objected. Held: Although no statutory basis existed for … Continue reading Liverpool City Council v Pleroma Distribution Ltd: Admn 21 Nov 2002
The defendant appealed by case stated against an order allowing the amendment of an information against him. He was first accused of failing to provide a specimen of breath for testing after being stopped and suspected of driving with excess alcohol. The officer had however accepted that he had a proper reason for not providing … Continue reading Crann v Crown Prosecution Service: Admn 27 Feb 2013
The magistrates were asked to make a finding against a dog which was kept within their jurisdiction, but where the incident upon which the application was based, had occurred in Scotland. The appellant contended it should have been heard in Scotland because of section 52 of the 1980 Act. Held: The 1871 Act conferred a … Continue reading Shufflebottom v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester: Admn 7 Feb 2003
A prisoner who had been remanded to police cells had no claim of damages for false imprisonment for his later non-release. Citations: Times 07-Feb-1996 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 128(7) Jurisdiction: England and Wales Torts – Other Updated: 27 October 2022; Ref: scu.81577
Statement by victim was admissible after death – ‘person’ not ‘living person’. Citations: Times 07-Apr-1995 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 106-1 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Criminal Evidence Updated: 08 October 2022; Ref: scu.88029
The defendant appealed against her conviction for racially aggravated criminal damage. The court considered whether it was possible to leave the matter for the jury without an additional count on the indictment, and whether a low value charge was indictable, triable either way, or summary. Held: The rules restricting the selection of mode of trial … Continue reading Regina v Fennell: CACD 17 May 2000
World-wide freezing orders had been made under the 1982 Act. The defendants were members of a Turkish family with substantial business interests in the telecommunications industry. In breach of orders made in the US some defendants had sought to hide their assets. They had failed to respond as required to orders to disclose their assest, … Continue reading Motorola Credit Corporation v Uzan and others (No 2): CA 12 Jun 2003
The defendant was accused of burglary. On discovery by the householder, he resisted detention. The magistrates took that as violence in the course of the burglary, and sent the case to the Crown Court. Held: The force used by the occupier was lawful, and the resistance was part and parcel of the burglary for the … Continue reading Regina v McGrath: CACD 30 Jun 2003
The DPP sought directions as to the issuing of voluntary bills of indictment to have transferred to the Crown Court, allegations of robbery against youths between 12 and 14. Held: A child convicted of an offence for which an adult would receive a custodial sentence can receive a maximum youth training order of 24 months. … Continue reading Regina (Director of Public Prosecutions) v Camberwell Youth Court; Regina (H) v Camberwell Youth Court: QBD 23 Jul 2004
The defendant appealed against an order for costs made against her after service and enforcement of an abatement notice with respect to an audible intruder alarm at her premises. She had first lodged an appeal to the Crown Court, but argued that having abandoned it more than three days before the hearing it had been … Continue reading Wilson v Ashford Borough Council: Admn 9 Mar 2010
Judges: Langstaff J Citations: [2010] EWHC 661 (Admin) Links: Bailii Statutes:
Appeal from finding that allegations were not out of time. Judges: Lady Justice Thirlwall Mr Justice Jeremy Baker Citations: [2022] EWHC 842 (Admin) Links: Bailii Statutes:
Where on a previous occasion the defendant had been acquitted with a formal verdict, after the prosecution had offered no evidence, it was not open to the prosecution later to return and allege a more serious offence based upon the same facts. The defendant was entitled to the benefit of the plea of autrefois acquit. … Continue reading Regina v G (Autrefois acquit): CACD 25 May 2001
If a Crown Court could properly sentence youth aged between 14 and 17 to more than two years then the Magistrates should commit the youth to the Crown Court. Only if the nature of the offence was such that the Crown Court could not properly exercise its section 53(2) powers should the justices take the … Continue reading Regina v Inner London Youth Court Ex Parte Director of Public Prosecutions: QBD 4 Apr 1996
Justices are not entitled to decide on mode of trial in order to avoid separate trials. Citations: Times 03-Apr-1995 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 19 20 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Criminal Practice Updated: 23 July 2022; Ref: scu.86967
The applicants sought judicial review of the Immigration Appeal Tribunal’s refusal of leave to appeal. The court had to decide whether such a right survived section 101 of the 2001 Act. Held: The right to have a judicial review could only be removed by the clearest of words. A right remained, but it was severely … Continue reading Regina (G) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal; Regina (M) v Immigration Appeal Tribunal: Admn 25 Mar 2004
The council cancelled the respondent’s registration as a child minder. The respondent appealed to the Magistrates, and succeeded, the court finding that the process undertaken by the council had infringed his rights. On appeal the council succeeded. The magistrates should have looked beyond procedural issues. The appeal to them required a hearing de novo. The … Continue reading Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council v Grant: FD 17 Sep 2001
A serving prisoner was stabbed to death in his cell. The appellant admitted that he had punched the victim twice but maintained that another man had stabbed him, which explained the incriminating presence of the victim’s blood in the vicinity of the appellant’s cell and on his hand. As the victim lay dying, he uttered, … Continue reading Musone v Regina: CACD 23 May 2007
The applicant sought judicial review of the refusal of the magistrates to state a case for him to appeal to the High Court. He had been convicted of failing to provide a specimen of breath for analysis. The magistrates considered the request frivolous within the 1980 Act. He held, as a finding of fact, that … Continue reading Regina v Inner London Justices ex parte Cukic: Admn 1 Sep 1995
The defendant was charged with driving with excess alcohol and being in charge of a vehicle with excess alcohol. It was clear that on the facts the former charge included the latter. The magistrates found the facts proved but convicted only on the driving charge and acquitted on the lesser charge. The prosecutor appealed by … Continue reading Director of Public Prosecutors v Gane: Admn 1991
The court considered three appeals where there had been a procedural irregularity, and where the judge had taken some step to overcome that irregularity. In two cases the Crown Court judge had reconstituted himself as a district judge to correct a decision before going on with the case. Held: The court should consider first whether … Continue reading Ashton , Regina v; Regina v Draz; Regina v O’Reilly: CACD 5 Apr 2006
The police applied to the court for a closure order in respect of premises they said were being used for the sale of Class A drugs. The tenant sought an adjournment, which was granted as were two later applications. On the last hearing, the police did not appear and the application was dismissed as out … Continue reading Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis v Hooper: QBD 16 Feb 2005
The court considered the principles for sentencing for sexual assaults by youths and the decision of magistrates whether to decline jurisdiction. Leveson J: ‘That the position would be different for an older person is obvious. Had an adult behaved in this manner to a 13 year old boy, sexual gratification would have been an obvious … Continue reading H and Others, Regina (on the Application of) v Southampton Youth Court: Admn 2 Dec 2004
In 2002 the SFO was investigating allegations that drug companies were selling generic drugs, including penicillin-based antibiotics and warfarin, to the National Health Service at artificially sustained prices. To further the investigation the SFO obtained search warrants and executed them. The company challenged the release of the documents recovered to other government departments. They had … Continue reading Regina (Kent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) v Serious Fraud Office: CA 11 Nov 2004
The defendant argued that the written charge in the case had not been issued within the necessary time period. He said that it had not been issued until it was in some way publicly available. The respondent argued that the requirement was satisfied at the point where the relevant prosecutor determined to issue it. The … Continue reading Brown v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 2 Apr 2019
Citations: [2003] EWHC 73 (Admin) Links: Bailii Statutes:
The police officer had been accused of an offence. The case was discharged under the section at committal. The Commissioner sought to commence disciplinary proceedings on the same evidence. Held: The tests of the two sets of hearings were different. The magistrates had been asked to see whether there was sufficient evidence to justify putting … Continue reading Regina (on the Application of Redgrave) v The Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis: CA 22 Jan 2003
The Magistrates committed the defendant to the Crown Court for sentence. In addition to other sentences the Crown Court imposed a confiscation order. The defendant succeeded in an appeal to the Court of Appeal, and the Crown now appealed. Held: The Crown Court had full power to make such an order. There had been no … Continue reading Regina v Pope (Criminal): HL 20 Jun 2002
When calculating the value of damage for the purpose of deciding whether an allegation of criminal damage could be referred to the Crown Court, the damage was the replacement value and not the consequential losses. An activist was accused of damaging genetically engineered crops. The replacement value was andpound;750, but the consequential losses amounted to … Continue reading Regina v Colchester Justices Ex Parte Abbott: QBD 13 Mar 2001
The court considered how to apply the time limits in the section. There was a system for automatic electronic communication between the police and the court office. The six month time limit expired on the 16th December. The documents served on the defendant showed an ‘information date’ of 10th December, but the summons was dated … Continue reading Atkinson v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 12 May 2004
A driver was arrested for driving with excess alcohol. At the police station, he was to be tested with the Lion Intoximeter. The officer tested the machine and it calibrated correctly. This was at about a quarter after midnight; the sergeant’s watch said 00.13 am, but the time display on the machine read 23:00. Part … Continue reading Director of Public Prosecutions v McKeown and Jones: HL 20 Feb 1997
In each case, youths had been committed to the Crown Court for trial but complained that the Youth Court should have dealt with the cases, and sought judicial review of the Youth Court decision. Held: The test for a review of a decision of the Youth Court is whether that decision was wrong. The court … Continue reading Regina (C and Another) v Sheffield Youth Court; Regina (N) v Sheffield Youth Court: QBD 23 Jan 2003
The concept of forfeiture in the Act was dependent upon the seizure of goods. The Act also made a distinction between the initial detention of goods and formal seizure. The six months time limit under the Magistrates Courts Act was calculated from seizure not detention. The seizure was challenged by a notice of claim. Until … Continue reading Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Venn and Others: QBD 11 Dec 2001
Citations: [1997] EWHC Admin 14 Links: Bailii Statutes:
The local authority had refused to renew a private hire vehicle licence. That refusal was successfully challenged, and the magistrates had awarded costs on the basis that they should follow the event. The authority appealed. Held: The discretion given to magistrates to award such costs as it feels are just and reasonable does not mean … Continue reading Bradford City Metropolitan District Council v Booth: QBD 10 May 2000
Lord Bingham set out guidance in respect of costs awarded by magistrates pursuant to section 64(1) of the 1980 Act, saying: ‘I would accordingly hold that the proper approach to questions of this kind can for convenience be summarised in three propositions: 1. Section 64(1) confers a discretion upon a magistrates’ court to make such … Continue reading City of Bradford Metropolitan District Council v Booth: Admn 10 May 2000
The defendant sought to appeal against a decision of the High Court on a case stated by the Magistrates. Held: A decision by the High Court on an appeal by way of case stated from the Magistrates was final, and no further appeal lay to the Court of Appeal. The Order did not avoid the … Continue reading Westminster City Council v O’Reilly and others: CA 1 Jul 2003
Challenge to Youth court declining jurisdiction. Judges: Ouseley J Citations: [2006] EWHC 564 (Admin) Links: Bailii Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 24 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Criminal Practice Updated: 05 May 2022; Ref: scu.240067
On receiving a complaint about the respondent’s dogs attacking sheep, a complaint was laid before the magistrates. The respondents filed evidence, and a notice of discontinuance was issued. The respondents obtained an order for their costs and the appellant now challenged that order. Held: Judges: Hickinbottom J Citations: [2014] EWHC 4213 (Admin) Links: Bailii Statutes: … Continue reading Warwickshire Police v Young: Admn 10 Dec 2014
The defendant attained the age of 18 after the offence but before his sentence. Under 18, he would have been subject to an order of detention in a young offenders institution, with a maximum of twelve months. They imposed a sentence of four concurrent detention and training orders totaling 18 months. Held: The 1963 Act, … Continue reading Aldis v Director of Public Prosecutions: CACD 11 Feb 2002
Magistrates returning prisoner on licence to prison because of other offences did not impose further sentence by doing so. Citations: Times 21-Jul-1997, [1997] EWHC Admin 589 Statutes: Criminal Justice Act 1991 40, Magistrates Courts Act 1980 133 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Criminal Sentencing Updated: 28 April 2022; Ref: scu.88350
Appeal by way of case stated pursuant to section 111 of the Magistrates Courts Act 1980 against the refusal of the DJ at Oxford Magistrates Court, to stay the prosecution against them as an abuse of process. Judges: Lady Justice Whipple And Mrs Justice Collins Rice Citations: [2022] EWHC 425 (Admin) Links: Bailii Jurisdiction: England … Continue reading Pugsley and Another v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 2 Mar 2022
The defendant had been charged with a simple offence under the Public Order Act and also with the racially aggravated offence. The magistrates refused to hear them together. Held: This was wrong. Keene LJ said: ‘For the prosecutor, Mr Moran contends that the justices are not required by section 9 of the Magistrates’ Courts Act … Continue reading Crown Prosecution Service, Regina (on the Application of) v Blaydon Youth Court: Admn 6 Oct 2004
Disclosure by third parties in criminal proceedings was not affected by other new rule. Simon Brown LJ summarised the tests for materiality for requiring production of dicuments from third parties by magistrates: ‘The central principles . . . are as follows: (i) to be material evidence documents must be not only relevant to the issues … Continue reading Regina v Reading Justices ex parte Berkshire County Council: QBD 5 May 1995
An adjournment for sentence is to decide what sentence not whether to sentence. Citations: Ind Summary 24-Apr-1995 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 10-3 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Criminal Sentencing Updated: 09 April 2022; Ref: scu.87454
It is the entry of a not guilty plea which actually begins the trial process, not the trial itself. A magistrate may commit for trial even after a not guilty plea has been entered but before the trial begins. Citations: Times 22-Feb-1996, Gazette 20-Mar-1996 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 25(2) Criminal Practice, Magistrates Updated: 09 … Continue reading Regina v Horseferry Road Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate Ex Parte K: QBD 22 Feb 1996
Justices are to give fair notice to an unrepresented defendant of the possibility of a distress order. Citations: Times 17-May-1996 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 76 Magistrates Updated: 09 April 2022; Ref: scu.86772
Nature of films in written evidence and Court had no power to order copies. Citations: Times 17-May-1993 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 10-1 Magistrates Updated: 09 April 2022; Ref: scu.86591
Justices validly required security for costs from legally aided applicant to state case. Citations: Times 02-Dec-1996 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 114 Litigation Practice Updated: 09 April 2022; Ref: scu.86488
An arraignment was valid despite non attendance at court, and the surety’s duties were not terminated. Arraignment in absence if defendant is not a surrender to custody for bail. Judges: Ralph Gibson LJ Citations: Gazette 23-Mar-1994, Independent 10-Feb-1994, Times 01-Feb-1994, [1994] 1 WLR 438 Statutes: Bail Act 1946 3,
The power of a magistrate to make a subsequent order correcting an earlier one was wide. The section gave wide powers, including the power to revoke an order for an overnight detention. Magistrates should not forget that the purpose of the system for collection of fines, was to collect the fine, and not further to … Continue reading Regina v Sheffield City Justices, Ex Parte Foster: QBD 2 Nov 1999
A woman protester repeatedly climbed over the perimeter fencing into a military base. Held: The defendant had a choice between agreeing to be bound over and going to prison. Her refusal to agree to be bound over had an immediate and obvious penal consequence without any intervening stage. The threat of imprisonment was no doubt … Continue reading Percy v Director of Public Prosecutions: QBD 13 Dec 1994
The defendant’s behaviour complained of must be at least unreasonable if not unlawful to found a binding over for breach of the peace. Simon Brown LJ said: ‘the court would surely not find a s.115 complaint proved if any violence likely to have been provoked on the part of others would be not merely unlawful … Continue reading Nicol and Another v Director of Public Prosecutions: QBD 22 Nov 1995
The decision as to whether to remit all or part of a recognisance as vested in magistrates was a wide one, and the magistrates could properly make allowance for the impact of any enforcement order on the surety. Citations: Times 05-Oct-1999 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 120 Magistrates Updated: 09 April 2022; Ref: scu.82684
Magistrates have full and sufficient power to deal with large costs awards, and may not send them on for taxation by other authorities. Citations: Times 10-May-1994 Statutes: Magistrates Courts Act 1980 64 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Magistrates, Costs Updated: 07 April 2022; Ref: scu.88090
It was proper for magistrates to commit a defendant to the Crown Court for sentence where they believed that the appropriate sentence was a fine, but the level of fine they thought appropriate would be outside their powers, and only the Crown Court would have that power. The section did not limit the power to … Continue reading Regina v Chelmsford Justices, Ex Parte Lloyd: QBD 5 Dec 2000
The section 51(7) notice stated that the person had been sent for trial to the Crown Court ‘on the following indictable only offence: burglary, aggravated.’ Apart from the misspelling, the point was taken on appeal that the notice did not make clear the nature of the indictable-only offence; the appellant had not been charged with … Continue reading Regina v McGrath: CACD 2003
The defendant had pleaded guilty by post, but on being called to court to face a possible disqualification from driving he was refused the chance to re-open his plea. The action had been begun under the written charge procedure introduced by the 2003 Act. The notification he had been given said that the conviction dated … Continue reading Rymer v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 21 Jul 2010
The defendant entered an unequivocal plea of guilty before the magistrates and was committed for sentence. By the Crown Court. After sentence, he sought to set aside the plea, wanting to file a defence under the 2015 Act, and requested a direction allowing that under section 142 of the 1980 Act. He was refused. Held: … Continue reading Harvey v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 29 Jan 2021
The claimant had been imprisoned, but his conviction was later overturned. He had been a victim of a gross abuse of executive power. The British authorities had acted in breach of international law and had been guilty of ‘a blatant and extremely serious failure to adhere to the rule of law with regard to the … Continue reading Mullen, Regina (on the Application of) v Secretary of State for the Home Department: HL 29 Apr 2004
The defendant had been convicted of dangerous driving. The victim’s mother complained of the leniency of the sentence, and the magistrates purported to re-open the sentencing under section 142, saying they had been unaware of the very serious nature of the injuries caused. Held: The extent to which a victim’s views could be allowed for … Continue reading Holme v Liverpool City Justices and Another: Admn 6 Dec 2004
The defendant appealed against an unsuccessful application to exclude evidence where it was claimed there had been incitement by an agent provocateur. Held: The appeal failed. There is no defence of entrapment in English law. All evidence which is relevant is prima facie admissible in a criminal trial, although the trial judge has a discretion … Continue reading Regina v Sang: HL 25 Jul 1979
In making its sentencing decision the Youth Court should take into account any undisputed fact put forward in mitigation, such as the good character of the accused, and the Youth Court must consider the sentencing powers of the Crown Court under section 91(3) and the guidance that has been given as to their exercise – … Continue reading C and D, Regina (on the Application of) v Sheffield Youth Court and Another: Admn 23 Jan 2003
Hughes LJ, Beatson J [2012] EWHC 4381 (Admin) Bailii
The complaint had been laid before Magistrates before the expiration of the time limit, but was only considered and the summons issued after the time limit. The House also considered the power of delegation where a justice of the peace or the clerk did not personally receive or consider the information in question. Held: The … Continue reading Regina v Manchester Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Hill and others: HL 1993
Thomas LJ said: ‘When the magistrates were faced with the application for an amendment, the law was clear and remains clear. The principles are set out in Section 123 and 127 of the Magistrates’ Court Act [1980] and in the single decision of this court to which it is necessary to refer, R v Scunthorpe … Continue reading Williams v Director of Public Prosecutions: Admn 24 Jul 2009
The applicants had been made subject of anti-social behaviour orders. They challenged the basis upon which the orders had been made. Held: The orders had no identifiable consequences which would make the process a criminal one. Civil standards of evidence therefore applied, and hearsay evidence was admissible. Nevertheless, the test as to whether it was … Continue reading Clingham (formerly C (a minor)) v Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea; Regina v Crown Court at Manchester Ex parte McCann and Others: HL 17 Oct 2002
Defendant must plea to charge, and not counsel The defendants had, through their barrister, entered pleas of guilty, but the crown court had declared the convictions invalid because this had to have been done by the defendants personally, and remitted the cases and the confiscation proceedings to the Magistrates. The prosecutor Council now sought to … Continue reading Westminster City Council v Owadally and Another: Admn 17 May 2017
Magistrates have no Power to redo Mode of Trial The prosecutor appealed against a refusal of the magistrates to revisit their decision on mode of trial. Held: The court had no inherent jurisdiction to revisit their decision, and nor did the sections referred to grant any. Craske would have to be revisited by the House … Continue reading Regina (Director of Public Prosecutions) v Camberwell Green Youth Court ex parte C W K and A: QBD 5 Dec 2003
Presumption against sending Youths to Crown Court W was a youth accused with another of robbery. The District judge magistrate had sent him for trial at the Crown Court although finding ‘[W] is 14 years of age with no previous conviction and is not a persistent offender.’ Held: Woolf LJ approved a statement: ‘in respect … Continue reading W, Regina (on The Application of) v Southampton Youth Court: Admn 23 Jul 2002
Common Law – Public Nuisance – Extent The House considered the elements of the common law offence of public nuisance. One defendant faced accusations of having sent racially offensive materials to individuals. The second was accused of sending an envelope including salt to a friend as a joke. The envelope had leaked causing a terrorist … Continue reading Regina v Rimmington; Regina v Goldstein: HL 21 Jul 2005
The claimant had received two injuries resulting in his total blindness. He sought an order of certiorari against the respondent who had found only a 20% disability. The tribunal responded that its decision, under the Act was final. Held: In its decision the tribunal had made reference to the expert medical report and thereby had … Continue reading Regina v Medical Appeal Tribunal ex parte Gilmore; Re Gilmore’s Application: CA 25 Feb 1957
The pursuer sought damages after her husband’s death from lung cancer. She said that the defenders were negligent in having continued to sell him cigarettes knowing that they would cause this. Held: The action failed. The plaintiff had not proved that the smoking of cigarettes was the cause of the lung cancer, and it was … Continue reading McTear v Imperial Tobacco Ltd: OHCS 31 May 2005
The claimant said that she had been detained in excess of the period allowed under the 1987 Regulations, and that that detention was unlawful. She now appealed against the striking out of her claim. Held: Her action failed. The availablility of a remedy by way of judicial review for a breach of statutory duty is … Continue reading Olutu v Home Office: CA 29 Nov 1996
The defendant had seized a dog after a biting incident. They sought its destruction. The owner said that they were out of time. The court was asked whether the time ran from the biting incident or the seizure.
Held: The owner’s appeal failed. . .
The defendant was given bail supported by sureties for his attendance. The appellant signed for andpound;1m for his attendance. There was a preparatory hearing at a new court building without cells or a dock. The defendant was present. The surety . .
Appeal by case stated against bail refusal. . .
The claimant having been released on licence from a prison sentence refused to comply with the conditions of his licence on the ground that he was entitled to be released unconditionally. He was returned to prison. The Divisional Court dismissed his . .
Renewed application for permission to challenge the decision of a District Judge who refused an application to issue a summons pursuant to s.1(1)(a) of the Magistrates Courts Act 1980 against the former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, for an offence of . .
The two prisoners, serving life sentences for murder, had had their appeals rejected. They continued to protest innocence, and sought to bring their campaigns to public attention through the press, having oral interviews with journalists without . .
The defendant appealed against his conviction, saying that his counsel and solicitors had withdrawn at the last moment on the grounds of professional embarrassment, the defendant having altered his instructions. New lawyers were unwilling to assist . .
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