Atilla Colak v Turkey: ECHR 15 Dec 2009
Citations: 29515/03, [2009] ECHR 2221 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 04 September 2022; Ref: scu.416067
Citations: 29515/03, [2009] ECHR 2221 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 04 September 2022; Ref: scu.416067
Citations: 34322/02, [2007] ECHR 799 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 04 September 2022; Ref: scu.259950
Citations: 14030/03, [2010] ECHR 1210 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 04 September 2022; Ref: scu.421195
G was a prisoner who was refused permission by the Home Secretary to consult a solicitor with a view to bringing libel proceedings against a prison officer. The court construed article 6 of ECHR, which provides that ‘in the determination of his civil rights . . everyone is entitled to a fair . . hearing’, … Continue reading Golder v The United Kingdom: ECHR 21 Feb 1975
The grant of immunity from the jurisdiction of the national court to an international organisation according to a long-standing practice essential for ensuring the proper functioning of these organisations free from unilateral interference by individual governments had a legitimate aim, measured up to the test of proportionality and did not involve a violation of article … Continue reading Waite and Kennedy v Germany: ECHR 18 Feb 1999
‘The Claimant challenges the effect of regulation 62 of the Universal Credit Regulations (2013 SI No 376) (‘the Regulations’). The Regulations make provision about a welfare benefit, Universal Credit (‘UC’). Regulation 62 provides for a minimum income floor (‘MIF’). I will say more about its effect in due course. The Claimant argues that regulation 62 … Continue reading Parkin, Regina (on The Application of) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions: Admn 19 Sep 2019
The defendant resisted an order preventing disclosure of information said by the claimant to be private. Held: At the start of the hearing before herself, she had been told that the application for an interim injunction was no longer opposed. Subject to its right to apply to discharge or vary the order, NGN had agreed … Continue reading MNB v News Group Newspapers Ltd: QBD 9 Mar 2011
The appellant had been released on licence during his sentence but then recalled. He contended that the effect of the newly introduced section 50A was a retrospective increase in his sentencce. Judges: Lord Nueberger MR, Moses, Munby LJJ Citations: [2010] EWCA Civ 848, [2010] 1 WLR 2380 Links: Bailii Statutes: Criminal Justice Act 1991 50A, … Continue reading Robinson, Regina (on The Application of) v Secretary of State for Justice: CA 19 May 2010
(Resolutions) The court noted the long delay in the respondent in implementing the judgment of the court and giving prisoners voting rights, the present consultation and adjourned until March 2011 for further information. Citations: [2009] ECHR 2260, 4025/01 Links: Bailii Statutes: Representation of the People Act 1983 3, European Convention on Human Rights 3 Citing: … Continue reading Hirst v The United Kingdom: ECHR 3 Dec 2009
Citations: [2009] ECHR 1685, 43546/02 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights 9 Citing: See Also – EB v France ECHR 14-Mar-2007 A homosexual woman complained that she had not been allowed to adopt a child. Her application was rejected by the French administrative court on grounds based substantially upon her sexual orientation. Held: … Continue reading EB v France: ECHR 30 Sep 2009
(Statement of Facts) Prisoners appealed saying that the imposition of a whole life tariff on their life term by the judge, so that they could only be released at the discretion of the Home Secretary, and that this was inhuman treatment. Judges: Judges Garlicki, David Thorbe Jorgivsson and Nicolaou Citations: 66069/09, [2011] ECHR 324 Links: … Continue reading Vinter, Bamber And Moore v The United Kingdom: ECHR 9 Feb 2011
Citations: 41590/06, [2010] ECHR 1152 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 03 September 2022; Ref: scu.421141
Citations: 73841/01, [2006] ECHR 1117, [2006] ECHR 1121, [2009] ECHR 1057 Links: Bailii, Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 03 September 2022; Ref: scu.248142
Citations: 18235/02, [2006] ECHR 1119, [2006] ECHR 1148 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 03 September 2022; Ref: scu.248127
Citations: 45076/08, [2010] ECHR 1156 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 03 September 2022; Ref: scu.421145
Citations: 25709/04, [2007] ECHR 801 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 03 September 2022; Ref: scu.259958
Citations: 5958/07, [2009] ECHR 2212 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 03 September 2022; Ref: scu.416069
Citations: 23241/04 French Text, [2007] ECHR 5568 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.429719
Citations: 61259/00 French Text, [2007] ECHR 5565 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.429720
The claimant appealed an order for his deportation back to Jordan, saying that if returned there was a real risk that he would face a trial based on evidence obtained by torture. Held: The appeal succeeded. A foreign national could not be deported under such circumstances since they would breach his right to a fair … Continue reading Othman (Abu Qatada) (Jordan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department: CA 9 Apr 2008
Judges: The Master of the Rolls Lady Justice Smith Lord Justice Maurice Kay Citations: [2005] EWCA Civ 1663, [2006] 1 WLR 843 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: England and Wales Human Rights, Torts – Other, Prisons Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.238506
The claimant was employed by the Army. He claimed that he was racially discriminated against because the army refused to provide him with Halal meat. Held: The 1976 Act first required the applicant to have exhausted the Army’s own internal grievance procedures. He had not done so. The employment tribunal therefore had no jurisdiction to … Continue reading Mangera v Ministry of Defence: CA 19 May 2003
Citations: 26242/04, [2007] ECHR 800 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.259951
Citations: 37766/02, [2006] ECHR 1115, [2006] ECHR 1128 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.248167
Citations: 28079/04, [2005] ECHR 937 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.420481
Citations: 72237/01, [2006] ECHR 1118, [2006] ECHR 1131 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.248174
Citations: 13647/04, [2007] ECHR 792 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.259960
Citations: 14450/02, [2006] ECHR 1111, [2006] ECHR 1123 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 02 September 2022; Ref: scu.248149
Citations: 29834/05, [2010] ECHR 1188 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.421136
Citations: 26642/05, [2007] ECHR 802 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.259984
Citations: 22346/06, [2009] ECHR 2236 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.416071
Citations: 40465/04, [2007] ECHR 793 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.259946
Citations: 43064/08, [2010] ECHR 1161 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.421131
Citations: 62202/00, [2006] ECHR 1129, [2006] ECHR 1152 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.248172
Citations: 30132/04, [2007] ECHR 788 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 01 September 2022; Ref: scu.259959
Citations: 58060/08, [2010] ECHR 2112 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.427908
Citations: 12812/87, [1988] ECHR 28 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.427792
The claimant complained that whilst arrested, he had been denied access to a lawyer. Citations: 13081/87, [1988] ECHR 29 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Cited by: Cited – Cadder v Her Majesty’s Advocate SC 26-Oct-2010 Statement without lawyer access was inadmissible The accused complained that he had been convicted … Continue reading Windsor v United Kingdom: ECHR 14 Dec 1988
Citations: 13229/04, [2007] ECHR 794 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.259948
Citations: 24394/05, [2010] ECHR 1181 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.421128
Citations: 43334/05, [2010] ECHR 1167 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.421133
Citations: 41513/05, [2007] ECHR 789 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.259970
Citations: 4415/02, [2006] ECHR 1126, [2006] ECHR 1150 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.248162
Citations: 67016/01, [2006] ECHR 1112, [2006] ECHR 1122 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 31 August 2022; Ref: scu.248133
Citations: 17532/09, [2010] ECHR 2005 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.427240
ECHR Judgment : Right to liberty and security : Second Section Citations: 33374/10, [2021] ECHR 44 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Citing: See Also – Mehdi Tanrikulu v Turkey ECHR 5-May-2020 ECHR Judgment : Freedom of expression-{general} : Second Section . . Lists of cited by and citing cases … Continue reading Mehdi Tanrikulu v Turkey (No 5 2): ECHR 19 Jan 2021
Citations: 8256/07 (French Text), [2009] ECHR 2224 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.416066
Citations: 31387/05, [2009] ECHR 2047 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.384045
Citations: 48580/07, [2010] ECHR 1185 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.421142
Citations: 131/02, [2006] ECHR 1113, [2006] ECHR 1127, [2006] ECHR 1160, [2007] ECHR 341 Links: Bailii, Bailii, Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.248163
Citations: 28092/07, [2009] ECHR 2229 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.416072
Citations: 28339/06, [2009] ECHR 2231 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.416086
Citations: 14385/04, [2006] ECHR 1125, [2006] ECHR 1149, [2008] ECHR 145 Links: Bailii, Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.248159
The claimant union said that the respondent state had infringed its rights of free association by restricting their right to strike. Held: The Union had standing to make the complaint. That the right to strike is not absolute. It may be subject to conditions and restrictions. Thus, the principle of freedom of association can be … Continue reading Enerji Yapi-yol sen v Turquie (TURKEY) (French Text): ECHR 6 Nov 2009
Citations: 13805/07, [2010] ECHR 1160 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 29 August 2022; Ref: scu.421129
Judges: Christos Rozakis, P Citations: 7798/08, [2010] ECHR 1983, 30 BHRC 112, (2012) 54 EHRR 36, [2011] Eq LR 205 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Cited by: Cited – The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints v United Kingdom ECHR 4-Mar-2014 latterdayECHR0314 The claimant said that it had been wrongfully deprived … Continue reading Savez Crkava (Rijec Zivota) And Others v Croatia: ECHR 9 Dec 2010
Citations: 18696/08, [2010] ECHR 1982 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.426976
Citations: 34006/08, [2010] ECHR 1162 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.421139
Citations: 57258/00, [2006] ECHR 1110, [2006] ECHR 1132 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.248193
Citations: 50704/09, [2010] ECHR 1158 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.421126
Citations: 69763/01, [2009] ECHR 2269 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.416068
Citations: 63716/00, [2001] ECHR 895 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.420478
Citations: 29035/06, [2010] ECHR 1189 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 28 August 2022; Ref: scu.421134
ECHR Judgment : Prohibition of torture : Third Section Citations: 78638/11, [2021] ECHR 39 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.657462
ECHR Judgment : Protection of property : Second Section ECHR Judgment : Struck out of the list : Second Section Citations: 23079/11, [2021] ECHR 40, [2022] ECHR 474 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.657399
ECHR Judgment : Protection of property : Second Section Committee Citations: 27530/09, [2021] ECHR 56 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.657481
ECHR Judgment : Right to a fair trial : Second Section Committee Citations: 45379/13, [2021] ECHR 50 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.657450
Citations: 18176/05, [2009] ECHR 2025 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.384047
Citations: 18284/10, [2010] ECHR 857 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.418534
Citations: 1678/09, [2009] ECHR 2237 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.416075
Citations: 44690/08, [2009] ECHR 2225 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 27 August 2022; Ref: scu.416078
Citations: 36136/05, [2010] ECHR 1789 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.425991
Citations: 29496/09, [2010] ECHR 1788 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.425999
At issue was a decision of the Home Secretary to deport on grounds of public policy a foreign national married to an EU national with a right of establishment in the United Kingdom. The substantive issue was whether the decision of the IAT to uphold the adjudicator’s rejection of an appeal against a decision to … Continue reading Machado v Secretary of State for the Home Deptment: CA 19 May 2005
ECHR Judgment : Prohibition of torture : Second Section Committee Citations: 26947/09, [2021] ECHR 53 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.657446
Citations: 10709/02, [2008] ECHR 1043, [2009] ECHR 351 Links: Bailii, Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.276862
Citations: 13296/03, [2007] ECHR 633 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.258290
Citations: 35994/03, [2007] ECHR 796 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.259955
Citations: 64570/01, [2007] ECHR 629 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 26 August 2022; Ref: scu.258235
Citations: 6754/05, [2010] ECHR 1601 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425668
The court dismissed the appeal of Mr Virdi from the findings and order of the Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal finding him guilty of serious professional misconduct and suspending him from practice for a period of 3 years. The solicitor complained of the extent of the involvement of the clerk to the tribunal, an employee of the … Continue reading Virdi v The Law Society: Admn 18 Feb 2009
Citations: 18926/07, [2010] ECHR 1550 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425421
Citations: 31651/06, [2010] ECHR 1549 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425425
Citations: 15067/04, [2010] ECHR 1546 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425426
Citations: 71572/01, [2010] ECHR 1551 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425422
Citations: 10424/05, [2010] ECHR 1547 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425441
Citations: 20965/03, [2010] ECHR 1552 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.425450
UTLC COMPENSATION–whether the 3 year time limit provided by section 19(3) of the Land Compensation Act 1973 for making a claim for compensation in respect of depreciation in value of interest in land caused by the use of a highway is incompatible with the claimants’ Convention rights under article 1 of the First Protocol and/or … Continue reading Thomas and Others v Bridgend County Borough Council: UTLC 29 Jul 2010
Citations: 21461/08, [2009] ECHR 2228 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.416087
Citations: 25377/08, [2009] ECHR 2230 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.416083
Citations: 21932/03, [2007] ECHR 635 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.258221
Citations: 15555/07, [2010] ECHR 1154 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.421138
Citations: 1448/04, [2007] ECHR 787 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.259956
Citations: 24613/08, [2010] ECHR 745 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 25 August 2022; Ref: scu.416247
Citations: 24404/05, [2010] ECHR 1233 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 24 August 2022; Ref: scu.424048
Care proceedings were under way. The mother objected to the disclosure of certain materials to the father, saying that they were extremely sensitive, and would threaten her relationship with him. She appealed against an order allowing it. Held: The judge had erred, and had not taken proper account of expert evidence suggesting that there would … Continue reading A Mother v A Father; A Local Authority v A: CA 14 Oct 2009
Citations: 11328/06, [2009] ECHR 1310 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 24 August 2022; Ref: scu.375423
Citations: 13416/87, [1997] ECHR 24 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 24 August 2022; Ref: scu.263129
ECHR Judgment : Prohibition of torture : Third Section Committee Citations: 21840/13, [2021] ECHR 49 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 24 August 2022; Ref: scu.657431
Citations: 42086/02, [2007] ECHR 632 Links: Bailii Statutes: European Convention on Human Rights Jurisdiction: Human Rights Human Rights Updated: 24 August 2022; Ref: scu.258256