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Torts - Other - From: 1997 To: 1997

This page lists 59 cases, and was prepared on 02 April 2018.

 
Garrett v Attorney-General [1997] 2 NZLR 332
1997

Blanchard J
Torts - Other
(New Zealand Court of Appeal) Mr Garrett claimed damages for financial loss and damage to her reputation caused by the alleged failure of the police to investigate her complaint that she had been raped by a police constable in a police station. Held: The court relied on Three Rivers. Blanchard J agreed: "that it is insufficient to show foreseeability of damage caused by a knowing breach of duty by a public officer. The plaintiff, in our view, must prove that the official had an actual appreciation of the consequences for the plaintiff, or people in the general position of the plaintiff, of the disregard of duty, or that the official was recklessly indifferent to the consequences and can thus be taken to have been content for them to happen as they would". The common law had long set its face against any general principle that invalid administrative action by itself gives rise to a cause of action in damages by those who have suffered loss as a consequence of that action.
1 Cites

1 Citers


 
Rawlinson v Rice [1997] 2 NZLR 651
1997


Torts - Other
(New Zealand Court of Appeal) The plaintiff asserted that a non-molestation order had been made against him by the defendant District Court Judge without jurisdiction and in breach of natural justice. He sued, in tort, for misfeasance in public office and breach of statutory duty. Held: To succeed in a claim of misfeasance in public office a plaintiff must prove, on the balance of probabilities, that:
(a) The defendant is a public officer;
(b) The defendant was purporting to exercise powers conferred on him or her for the benefit of the public or a section of the public;
(c) The defendant either -
(i) acted for an ulterior or improper motive, with intent to injure another (described as "targeted malice") or
(ii) knew that he or she was acting outside the power conferred, or was recklessly indifferent thereto, and that this was likely to injure the plaintiff (described as "non-targeted malice"); and
(d) this caused damage to the plaintiff.
1 Cites

1 Citers


 
Arthur and Another v Anker and Another [1997] QB 564
1997
CA
Sir Thomas Bingham, MR, Neill and Hirst LJJ
Torts - Other
The owners of a private car park engaged the defendants to prevent unauthorised parking. The defendants erected notices which warned of wheel clamping. Mr Arthur had parked knowing he was not entitled to park and of the consequences. Mr Arthur's car was clamped. He brought proceedings against the defendants for damages for tortious interference with his car. The defendants counterclaimed having refused to pay the £40 fee the plaintiff returned and succeeded in removing his car with the two clamps. The defendants ran two defences: he had consented to his car being clamped, so as to excuse otherwise tortious act of the defendants. Second, that the defendants had seized the car damage feasant. Held: What must be established is a consent freely given and which extended to the conduct of which the plaintiff now complains. The judge had found that Mr Arthur knew of and consented to the risk. But it was argued that the demand for payment amounted to blackmail and this crime negated the consent. The requirement of payment did not amount to blackmail. By accepting the clamping risk Mr Arthur also accepted that it would remain clamped until he paid the reasonable cost of clamping and de-clamping. He consented not only to the otherwise tortious act of clamping the car but also to the otherwise tortious action of detaining the car until payment. "I would not accept that the clamper could exact any unreasonable or exorbitant charge for releasing the car, and the court would be very slow to find implied acceptance of such a charge. That would also apply to conduct which would cause damage. The clamper may not detain the car after the owner has indicated willingness to pay. The fee was reasonable. Mr Arthur consented to what occurred and he cannot now complain." The court dismissed the appeal so far as it rested on consent.
1 Citers


 
Gosselin v Pearson and others [1997] EWCA Civ 774
15 Jan 1997
CA
Lord Justice Phillips
Torts - Other
The applicant appealed a refusal of leave to appeal against an order striking out his claim. He asserted that lawyers acting for his estranged wife had dishonestly misled the court of appeal. The tort of fraudulent misrepresentation was actionable only at the instance of the person misled. In this case that was the court itself. An alternative possibility of a tortious abuse of process of the court was considered. Nor could the facts alleged establish such a claim. Leave refused.
[ Bailii ]
 
Timeplan Education Group Limited v National Union of Teachers and Rex Grierson Dunn [1997] EWCA Civ 832; [1997] 1RLR 457
23 Jan 1997
CA

Contract, Torts - Other, Damages
Damages were claimed for an alleged unlawful interference with contractual relations. Held: Ignorance of the terms of the contract did not suffice to show absence of intent to interfere with contractual relations.
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]

 
 W v Home Office; CA 19-Feb-1997 - Times, 14 March 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 1052

 
 Thompson v Commissioner of Police of Metropolis; Hsu v Same; CA 20-Feb-1997 - Times, 20 February 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 1042; [1997] 2 All ER 762; [1997] 1 WLR 1519; [1997] EWCA Civ 3083; [1998] 1 QB 498; (1998) 10 Admin LR 363; [1997] 3 WLR 403

 
 McNamara v North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council; CA 21-Feb-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 1072

 
 Khodaparast v Mohammed Reza Farrokh-Shad; CA 26-Feb-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 1090; [2000] EMLR 265
 
National Home Loans Corporation Plc v Yaxley and Yaxley [1997] EWCA Civ 1098
26 Feb 1997
CA

Land, Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]

 
 Bayley v South Wight Borough Council; CA 27-Feb-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 1113
 
James Frederick Hulbert v Her Honour Judge A Simpson and S M West [1997] EWCA Civ 1160
5 Mar 1997
CA

Litigation Practice, Torts - Other
The plaintiff sought damages for conspiracy to pervert the course of justice including aggravated and exemplary damages against his Honour Judge Alan Simpson and against Mrs Sheila West, who was a court shorthand writer. He had succeeded in defending a criminal action for assault, and alleged that the first respondent had ordered the second respondent to alter notes of evidence to protect the police. He appealed a striking out of his claim. Held: There was no evidence sufficient to support the allegation of a conspiracy. The fact that the defendants had not denied the allegations save through their legal representatives signified nothing.
[ Bailii ]
 
Katz; Lovett; Talbot v McNally; McNally and McNally [1997] EWCA Civ 1185
7 Mar 1997
CA
Brooke LJ
Legal Professions, Torts - Other
Champerty.
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]

 
 Armitage v Nurse; etc; CA 19-Mar-1997 - Times, 31 March 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 1279; [1998] Ch 241; [1997] 2 All ER 705; [1997] 3 WLR 1046
 
Bridgegrove Limited v Smith and Smith Times, 22 April 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 1284
20 Mar 1997
CA

Landlord and Tenant, Torts - Other
'Car repairs' includes re-spraying - Landlord was liable for negligent misstatement on use.
[ Bailii ]
 
Kuwait Oil Tanker Company S A K ; Sitka Shipping Incorporated v Al Bader; Qabazard and Stafford [1997] EWCA Civ 1318; [1997] 1 WLR 1410; [1997] 2 All ER 855; (1997) 141 SJLB 140; Times, 01 April 1997
24 Mar 1997
CA
Staughton, Waite, Aldous LJJ
International, Torts - Other

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
Mead Corporation and Another v Riverwood Multiple Packaging Division of Riverwood Etc Times, 28 March 1997; [1997] FSR 484
28 Mar 1997
ChD
Laddie J
Intellectual Property, Torts - Other
The Court must have evidence of a foreign company's involvement in an infringement before a joinder could be ordered.
1 Citers


 
Vickerstaff v Edbro Plc [1997] EWCA Civ 1431
17 Apr 1997
CA

Torts - Other, Litigation Practice
The claimant had made claims against his former employers of fraudulent misrepresentation, malicious prosecution and of false imprisonment. He now sought leave to appeal against the striking out of his claim. The judge had found that his claims should have been raised within earlier proceedings. Held. The principle gounds on which the judge had reached his conclusion were unassailable. The order for the claimant's imprisonment was not unlawful having been made regularly in court proceedings. Leave refused.
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]

 
 Lyons v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire; CA 24-Apr-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 1520

 
 Hunter and Others v Canary Wharf Ltd; HL 25-Apr-1997 - Gazette, 14 May 1997; Times, 25 April 1997; [1997] UKHL 14; [1997] AC 655; [1997] Fam Law 601; [1997] 2 All ER 426; [1997] 2 FLR 342; [1997] 2 WLR 684; [1997] Env LR 488; [1997] 54 Con LR 12; [1997] 84 BLR 1; [1997] CLC 1045; (1998) 30 HLR 409
 
Wilkinson v Downton [1897] 2 QB 57; [1897] EWHC 1 (QB)
8 May 1997

RS Wright J
Torts - Other
Thomas Wilkinson, the landlord of a public house, went off by train, leaving his wife Lavinia behind the bar. A customer of the pub, Downton played a practical joke on her. He told her, falsely, that her husband had been involved in an accident and was seriously injured. Mr Wilkinson returned safely by train later that evening, but the effect on Mrs Wilkinson had been dramatic. Her hair had turned white, and she became so ill that for some time her life was thought in danger. The jury awarded her £100 for nervous shock, and the question for the judge on further consideration was whether she had a cause of action. Held: Distinguishing Coultas, Downton was not merely negligent but had intended to cause injury. As what he said could not fail to produce grave effects "upon any but an exceptionally indifferent person", an intention to cause such effects should be imputed to him. "The defendant has, as I assume for the moment, wilfully done an act calculated to cause physical harm to the plaintiff-that is to say, to infringe her legal right to personal safety, and has in fact thereby caused physical harm to her. That proposition without more appears to me to state a good cause of action, there being no justification alleged for the act. This wilful injuria is in law malicious, although no malicious purpose to cause the harm which was caused nor any motive of spite is imputed to the defendant . . One question is whether the defendant's act was so plainly calculated to produce some effect of the kind which was produced that an intention to produce it ought to be imputed to the defendant, regard being had to the fact that the effect was produced on a person proved to be in an ordinary state of health and mind."
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
Angela Daley v Anthony Campbell [1997] EWCA Civ 1636
8 May 1997
CA

Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]

 
 Samuels v Coole and Haddock (a Firm); CA 22-May-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 1755; [1997] CLY 4860
 
Rowe v Herman Times, 09 June 1997
9 Jun 1997
CA

Torts - Other
Occupier employing independent contractor to carry out works, is not liable for failure of contractor to clean up removing danger.


 
 Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society; HL 19-Jun-1997 - Times, 24 June 1997; [1997] UKHL 28; [1998] 1 All ER 98; [1998] 1 WLR 896; [1998] AC 896
 
Goldberg and Goldberg v Commissioner of Police for Metropolis [1997] EWCA Civ 1922
20 Jun 1997
CA

Police, Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]
 
Henry Ansbacher and Co Ltd v Binks Stern (a Firm) Times, 26 June 1997; Gazette, 09 July 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 1942
24 Jun 1997
CA

Litigation Practice, Torts - Other
The bank had made an allegation of fraudulent misrepresentation against a firm of solicitors. It appealed a strike out of its claim. Held: An appeal court may exceptionally overturn a finding that the Defendant was not guilty of fraud in a case where that conclusion is inevitable from the facts.
[ Bailii ]
 
Sheyi Banjo v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester Police [1997] EWCA Civ 1951
24 Jun 1997
CA

Torts - Other, Police

[ Bailii ]
 
Christopher William George Welham v Holding and Barnes Limited (Trading Under the Name of Phillips Insurance) and Controlled Climate Mechanical Services Limited [1997] EWCA Civ 1956
25 Jun 1997
CA

Personal Injury, Torts - Other

Occupiers Liability Act 1957 2(4)(b)
[ Bailii ]
 
Powell and Another v Boldaz and others [1997] EWCA Civ 2002; [1997] 39 BMLR 35; [1998] Lloyds Rep Med 116
1 Jul 1997
CA
Stuart-Smith LJ, Morritt LJ and Shiemann LJ
Health Professions, Negligence, Torts - Other
The question was whether doctors owed a duty of care to the parents of their deceased son in relation to events which occurred after death when the parents were allegedly given misleading or false information by doctors. Held: An unlawful act actionable at the suit of the claimant was a necessary ingredient of unlawful means conspiracy.
No duty of care was owed because the element of proximity was lacking. "It was to him [the child] that the defendants owed a duty of care. The discharge of that duty in the case of a young child will often involve giving advice and instruction to the parents so that they can administer the appropriate medication, observe relevant symptoms and seek further medical assistance if need be. In giving such advice, the doctor obviously owes a duty to be careful. But the duty is owed to the child, not to the parents." and "After the death, the defendants may owe the plaintiffs a duty of care; but this depends upon whether they are called upon, or undertake, to treat them as patients."
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
Alan Krishnan v Harinder Pal Singh Gill and Mansish Kaur Gill [1997] EWCA Civ 2086
11 Jul 1997
CA

Housing, Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]
 
Generale Bank Nederland Nv (Formerly Credit Lyonnais Bank Nederland Nv) v Export Credit Guarantee Department Times, 04 August 1997; Gazette, 10 September 1997; [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep 19; [1997] EWCA Civ 2165
23 Jul 1997
CA
Stuart-Smith LJ, Hobhouse LJ
Employment, Torts - Other, Vicarious Liability, Banking
The bank claimed that it had been defrauded, and that since an employee of the defendant had taken part in the fraud the defendant was had vicarious liability for his participation even though they knew nothing of it. Held: Where A becomes liable to B as a joint tortfeasor with C in the tort of deceit practised by C on B on the basis that A and C have a common design to defraud B and A renders assistance to C pursuant to and in furtherance of the common design, does D, A's employer, become vicariously liable to B, simply because the act of assistance, which is not itself the deceit, is in the course of A's employment with D? An employer was not liable for the fraudulent acts of his employee during the employment but may be for purposes of fraud by third party.
Hobhouse LJ said: "Mere assistance, even knowing assistance, does not suffice to make the 'secondary' party liable as a joint tortfeasor with the primary party. What he does must go further. He must have conspired with the primary party or procured or induced his commission of the tort . . ; or he must have joined in the common design pursuant to which the tort was committed"
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
Raymond Asley Fisher and Nigel John Fisher v Chief Constable of Cumbria Constabulary [1997] EWCA Civ 2232
29 Jul 1997
CA
Woolf LJ, Roch LJ, Cotton LJ
Police, Torts - Other
The Chief Constable appealed against an award of £750 made after a police officer serving a search warrant forgetfully failed to leave a copy with the occupier.
Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 23(3)
1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
Three Rivers District Council and Another v The Bank of England (No. 3) [1996] 3 All ER 558; [1997] 3 CMLR 429; Times, 22 April 1996
30 Jul 1997
ComC
Clarke J
Administrative, Torts - Other
ComC Misfeasance in public office. Assuming ingredients of tort as reported at [1996] 3 ALL ER 558 at 582-3, was claim bound to fail? All plaintiffs' evidence now available to court. On that evidence plaintiffs bound to fail. No reasonable prospect of material becoming available in future to assist plaintiffs. No arguable case that Bank of England acted dishonestly in granting licence or failing to revoke licence or authorization. Action struck out.
1 Cites

1 Citers


 
Martin James Moore v Inntrepreneur Estates (Gl) Limited and Courage Limited [1997] EWCA Civ 2273
31 Jul 1997
CA

Torts - Other

Misrepresentation Act 1967
[ Bailii ]
 
Ion Curtis Roach v British Railways Board [1997] EWCA Civ 2301
15 Aug 1997
CA

Torts - Other, Litigation Practice
Refusal of leave to appeal.
[ Bailii ]

 
 Yukong Lines Ltd v Rendsburg Investments Corporation and Others (No 2); QBD 23-Sep-1997 - Times, 30 October 1997; [1998] 1 Lloyd's Rep 322; [1998] 1 WLR 294; [1998] 4 All ER 82; [1998] 2 BCLC 485; [1998] BCC 870

 
 Regina v Chief Constable for Warwickshire and Others Ex Parte Fitzpatrick and Others; QBD 1-Oct-1997 - Times, 26 November 1997; [1997] EWHC Admin 820; [1999] 1 WLR 564; [1998] 1 All ER 65; [1998] Crim LR 290
 
Three Rivers District Council and others v Bank of England [1997] EWCA Civ 2379
2 Oct 1997
CA
Hirst and Robert Walker LJJ
Banking, Torts - Other
Summary of joint judgment.
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
David Jeremiah Barry and Barry Group Limited v John Parry Phelps [1997] EWCA Civ 2408
3 Oct 1997
CA

Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]
 
Clarke v Chief Constable of North Wales Police [1997] EWCA Civ 2432
7 Oct 1997
CA

Police, Torts - Other

1 Cites

[ Bailii ]
 
Archibald Moore James v Europe West Indies Lines (Uk) Limited (Formerly Named European Ships Agencies Ltd) [1997] EWCA Civ 2437
8 Oct 1997
CA

Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]

 
 L v Bournewood Community and Mental Health NHS Trust; Admn 9-Oct-1997 - Gazette, 08 January 1998; Times, 08 December 1997; [1997] EWHC Admin 850; [1998] 2 WLR 764

 
 Stein v Blake and others; CA 13-Oct-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 2474; [1998] 1 All ER 724; [1997] EWCA Civ 4002; [1998] 1 BCLC 573; [1998] BCC 316
 
Michael Terence Dodd v David Graham Chief Constable of Cheshire Constabulary and Donald Elliot Chief Constable of Devon and Cornwall Constabulary [1997] EWCA Civ 2549
22 Oct 1997
CA

Police, Torts - Other, Litigation Practice
Misfeasance in public office.
[ Bailii ]
 
Bennett v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis Times, 24 October 1997; (1997) 10 Admin LR 245
24 Oct 1997
Admn
Sir Richard Scott VC
Police, Torts - Other
Police and prosecuting authority have no inherent immunity from suit for tort of misfeasance in public office if the breach is properly made out. Immunity extends to statements made or agreed to be made out of court "if these were clearly and directly made in relation to the proceedings in court, for example, witnesses' proofs of evidence."
1 Citers


 
Dana Commercial Credit Limited (T/a Mercury Assist) v A A Wiseman (Male) (T/a Tavern Garage) and Pure Telecommunications Ltd [1997] EWCA Civ 2593
29 Oct 1997
CA

Contract, Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]

 
 Ashtiani v Kashi; CA 30-Oct-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 2605
 
Susan Bell v Ronald Ogle [1997] EWCA Civ 2624
3 Nov 1997
CA

Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]

 
 Gregory v Portsmouth City Council; CA 5-Nov-1997 - Times, 26 November 1997; Gazette, 03 December 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 2645
 
Mcgivney v Golderslea Limited [1997] EWCA Civ 2656
6 Nov 1997
CA

Personal Injury, Torts - Other

Occupiers Liability Act 1957
[ Bailii ]

 
 Bishop and Handlerose Pension Fund v Hopkins and Reynolds and Taylors Accountanrs; CA 14-Nov-1997 - [1997] EWCA Civ 2717
 
Bainbridge v Minister for Social Security Secretary of State for Social Security [1997] EWCA Civ 2852
28 Nov 1997
CA

Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]
 
Rockliffe and Rockliffe v Thompson and Thompson [1997] EWCA Civ 2864
28 Nov 1997
CA

Land, Torts - Other

[ Bailii ]
 
Clunis (By his Next Friend Prince) v Camden and Islington Health Authority Gazette, 14 January 1998; Times, 10 December 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 2918; [1998] 3 All ER 180; [1998] QB 978
5 Dec 1997
CA
Beldam LJ
Torts - Other, Negligence
The plaintiff had killed someone and, as a result, been convicted of manslaughter and ordered to be detained in a secure hospital when subject to after-care under section 117 of the 1983 Act. He sought damages from the health authority on the basis that he would not have killed anyone but for negligence on the part of the authority. Held: The claim was struck out. A convicted criminal may not sue the Health Authority for failing to take care of him and allowing the commission of an offence. It would be against public policy to allow such a claim. The breach by a local health authority of the duty imposed by section 117 does not of itself give rise to a cause of action for damages for breach of statutory duty on the part of the patient concerned.
Beldam LJ explained the plaintiff's counsel's argument: "[The plaintiff's] relationship with the defendant was that of doctor and patient, which clearly gives rise to a duty of care. Even if that was not the relationship between the plaintiff and the defendant, the obligations imposed under the Mental Health Act 1983 created duties owed by the defendant to a limited class, i.e. mental health patients, whom Parliament must have intended should have a right to sue for breach of that duty. Failing that, the obligations imposed by Parliament on the defendant gave rise to a duty of care owed to him at common law." and answered: that "[t]he court ought not to allow itself to be made an instrument to enforce obligations alleged to arise out of the plaintiff's own criminal act"
As to whether a private law claim for damages might arise: "Under section 117(2) the authorities named are required to co-operate with voluntary organisations in setting up a system which provides after-care services for patients who have been discharged from hospital after treatment for mental disorder. The services have to be made available to such persons until 'the person concerned is no longer in need of such services.' Undoubtedly the section is designed to promote the social welfare of a particular class of persons and to ensure that the services required are made available to individual members of the class. However section 124 provides the Secretary of State with default powers if he is of the opinion 'on complaint or otherwise' that the functions conferred or imposed under the Act have not been carried out. Thus the primary method of enforcement of the obligations under section 117 is by complaint to the Secretary of State. No doubt, too, a decision by the district health authority or the local social services authority under the section is liable to judicial review at the instance of a patient: see Reg. v. Ealing District Health Authority, Ex parte Fox [1993] 1 W.L.R. 373. The character of the duties created seem to us closely analogous to those described by Lord Browne-Wilkinson in X (Minors) v. Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633, 747 as requiring: 'exceptionally clear statutory language to show a parliamentary intention that those responsible for carrying out these difficult functions should be liable in damages if, on subsequent investigation with the benefit of hindsight, it was shown that they had reached an erroneous conclusion and therefore failed to discharge their statutory duties.'
In our view the wording of the section is not apposite to create a private law cause of action for failure to carry out the duties under the statute."
Mental Health Act 1983 117
1 Cites

1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
O'Loughlin v Chief Constable of Essex Times, 12 December 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 2891; [1998] 1 WLR 374
12 Dec 1997
CA
Buxton LJ
Torts - Other, Police
Police, when using force to enter premises, must still give their reasons for effecting their entry, to the occupant, unless this was impossible or undesirable.
Buxton LJ said: "This paragraph strictly speaking did not apply in the present case, because no search was contemplated. It is, however, a strong indication of the importance and relevance of the officer who seeks entry explaining his authority, and certainly explaining the reason why he seeks entry. I therefore respectfully agree with the burden of Donaldson LJ's judgment that a very important factor in deciding whether the police have proved that use of force to enter was necessary. . is whether before using force the police have explained the (proper) reason why they require entry, and none the less have been refused."
Roch LJ referred to the "severe burden which a constable has to discharge when trying to prove that the use of force was really necessary in order to justify his use of force."
Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
1 Citers

[ Bailii ]
 
Killoran v Wokingham District Council [1997] EWCA Civ 2989; [1997] EWCA Civ 2989
15 Dec 1997
CA
Lord Justice Beldam Lord Justice Peter Gibson Lord Justice Schiemann
Planning, Torts - Other, Local Government
The appellant appealed refusal of permission for change of use. He had a farm which also had permission for alteration to a dwelling. He wanted to open an equestrian centre. The planning committee originally granted the request, but one member later sought to reverse the decision, and achieved it. The applicant's claim for misfeasance in public office by the defendant Council was struck out as disclosing no reasonable cause of action. Held: The claimant had failed properly to plead his claim despite having several opportunities. He had not shown express or other malice
[ Bailii ]

 
 Ward v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police; CA 15-Dec-1997 - Times, 15 December 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 2972

 
 Thacker v Crown Prosecution Service; CA 16-Dec-1997 - Times, 29 December 1997; [1997] EWCA Civ 3000
 
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