Judges: Mummery, Moore-Bick, Black LJJ Citations: [2012] EWCA Civ 1559, [2012] WLR(D) 354 Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 47A Jurisdiction: England and Wales Commercial Updated: 09 November 2022; Ref: scu.466381
The appellant’s employment had terminated in circumstances where he had threatened to publicise matters about the defendant’s activities, but had failed to co-operate with the company in investigating his allegations by particularising them. Held: The appeals were misconceived and bound to fail. Leave to appeal was refused. Judges: Waite LJ, Singer J Citations: [1997] EWCA … Continue reading Vickerstaff v Edbro Plc: CA 28 Jan 1997
The Authority had obtained and executed a search warrant against the defendant’s premises, but now sought to restrain disclosure of the materials upon which it had obtained that warrant, asserting Public Interest Immunity. Held: An application to vary or revoke the warrant must be at an inter partes rehearing. At that rehearing eh court must … Continue reading The Competition and Markets Authority v Concordia International Rx (UK) Ltd: ChD 16 Nov 2017
Whether to appoint special advocate. The Authority wished to pursue an investigation relying upon material for which it asserted Public Interest Immunity. Judges: Paul Matthews HHJ Citations: [2018] EWHC 3158 (Ch) Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 28 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Citing: See Also – The Competition and Markets Authority v Concordia International Rx … Continue reading The Competition and Markets Authority v Concordia International Rx (UK) Ltd: ChD 8 Nov 2018
Challenge to search warrants issued under the 1998 Act. Judges: Justice Marcus Smith Citations: [2018] EWHC 3448 (Ch) Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 28 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Citing: See Also – The Competition and Markets Authority v Concordia International Rx (UK) Ltd ChD 16-Nov-2017 The Authority had obtained and executed a search warrant … Continue reading The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) v Concordia International Rx (UK) Ltd: ChD 12 Dec 2018
The Authority had obtained a search warrant on an ex parte application. The defendant sought a rehearing, but the Authority sought to rely upon material for which it now asserted public interest immunity in material already used. At first instance, the court said that the Authority could only use such material by way of a … Continue reading The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) v Concordia International Rx (UK) Ltd: CA 7 Aug 2018
The ITC has the power to prevent agreements inconsistent with fair competition. It had been right to prevent the supply of channels only as part of bundled package with no a la carte choice. Minimum packages sold through retailers could be prohibited. Judges: Maurice Kay J Citations: Times 27-Nov-1998, [1998] EWHC Admin 1050 Statutes: Broadcasting … Continue reading Regina v Independent Television Commission ex parte Flextech Plc and others and Sci-Fi Channel Europe Llc: QBD 6 Nov 1998
The court set out the applicable legal principles in trade mark infringement. The court considered the elements necessary to establish a defence under s10(6): The primary objective of section 10(6) of the 1996 Act is to permit comparative advertising . . As long as the use of a competitor’s mark is honest, there is nothing … Continue reading Cable and Wireless plc v British Telecommunications plc: ChD 1998
A business had grown, but the two founders split, and set up separate business. There was no agreement as to the use of the trading names and trade marks. The original law of Trade Marks prohibited bare exclusive licenses, licences excluding the rights of the owner to use the mark, and with no quality control. … Continue reading Scandecor Developments AB v Scandecor Marketing AV and Others and One Other Action: HL 4 Apr 2001
The claimant appealed against a decision accepting commitments to remove certain discounting restrictions for online travel agents. Freeman QC [2014] CAT 12 Bailii Competition Act 1998 47(1)(c) Commercial Updated: 20 December 2021; Ref: scu.535738
Extent and consequences of duties of ‘equal treatment’ or ‘fairness’, said to have been owed by the Office of Fair Trading to those subject to investigation under the Competition Act 1998. The respondent had entered negotiations with several parties . .
(Trinidad and Tobago) The appellants, all residents of Trinidad and Tobago, held life policies issued by the Colonial Life Insurance Company (CLICO). Their claim arose out of the banking crisis in early 2009 when CLICO was in serious financial . .
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The OFT had considered whether it was necessary to refer a merger between two companies to the Competition Commission, and decided against. The Competition Appeal Tribunal held that the proposed merger should have been referred. The OFT and parties appealed. Held: The Tribunal had misdirected itself as to one test. The statutory test required the … Continue reading Office of Fair Trading and others v IBA Health Limited: CA 19 Feb 2004
The section at issue imposed a duty upon a tribunal to which the Act applies or any minister who makes a decision after the holding of a statutory inquiry to give reasons for their decision, if requested. A record of the reasons for a decision must meet the requirement that reasons must be adequate to … Continue reading Re Poyser and Mills’ Arbitration: 1963
Maurice Kay VP began: ‘It is well-known that asylum applications, even when made promptly on arrival in this country, can take months or even years before final determination through the decision-making and appellate process. This causes familiar problems. Applicants require support and accommodation for substantial periods of time. When the time is particularly prolonged, features … Continue reading Negassi and Another, Regina (on The Application of) v Secretary of State for The Home Department: CA 7 Mar 2013
Issue of the extent to which the Office of Fair Trading (‘the OFT’), the body charged with policing and enforcing the Competition Act 1998 (‘the 1998 Act’), may be the subject of judicial review in respect of a decision to close an investigation into suspected infringements of the Act. Judges: Foskett J Citations: [2009] EWHC … Continue reading Cityhook Ltd and Another, Regina (on the Application of) v Office of Fair Trading: Admn 20 Jan 2009
The claimant sought damages after it had been established in 2001 that the defendants had engaged in an unlawful cartel to maintain the prices of vitamins. The defendants had paid fines, and now argued that the claims, begun in 2008, were out of time, the limitation period being 2 years from the infringement decision. The … Continue reading BCL Old Co Ltd and Others v BASF Plc and Others: SC 24 Oct 2012
The claimant sought damages against the respondent for various infringements in sales of unlicensed products, and also additional damages. The defendant argued that Microsoft’s licensing arrangements acted anti-competively. Held: ‘the defendants would not at trial be able to defend liability for issuing instruments of deception. ‘ The application for summary judgment for additional damages succeeded. … Continue reading Microsoft Corporation v Ling and others: ChD 3 Jul 2006
Citations: [2022] CAT 39 Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 47B Jurisdiction: England and Wales Commercial, European Updated: 28 October 2022; Ref: scu.682004
The claimants relayed horse racing events to bookmakers. The respondents collected data about the races and horses. The claimants sought the freedom to use that data, and the defendants asserted a database right to control such use. Held: BHB controlled the market, and by threatening to terminate the licence of the claimant had abused that … Continue reading Attheraces Ltd and Another v British Horse Racing Board and Another: ChD 21 Dec 2005
The claimant alleged trade mark infringement by the respondents by the use of a mark in a pop-up advert. Held: The own-name defence to trade mark infringement is limited. Some confusion may be allowed if overall the competition was not unfair in all the circumstances. No confusion was intended; they wanted only to associate their … Continue reading Reed Executive Plc, Reed Solutions Plc v Reed Business Information Ltd, Reed Elsevier (Uk) Ltd, Totaljobs Com Ltd: CA 3 Mar 2004
The claimants wished to claim damages arising from the participation by the defendants in an unlawful cartel. The Court of Appeal had said that the claim was out of time, and that the claimants would have to seek an extension of time to bring their claim. Held: The Tribunal acted on the basis that it … Continue reading BCL Old Co Ltd and Others Basf Se (Formerly Basf Ag) and Others: CAT 19 Nov 2009
Citations: [2022] CAT 28 Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 47B Jurisdiction: England and Wales Commercial Updated: 14 August 2022; Ref: scu.679523
Judges: Flaux J Citations: [2010] EWHC 11 (Comm) Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 2(1) Cited by: Appeal from – Safeway Stores Ltd and Others v Twigger and Others CA 21-Dec-2010 The court was asked whether, when a company had been fined for anti-competitive practices, the company could then recover the penalties from the directors … Continue reading Safeway Stores Ltd and Others v Twigger and Others: ComC 15 Jan 2010
The claimant journalist sought disclosure of papers acquired by the respondent in its conduct of enquiries into the charitable Mariam appeal. The Commission referred to an absolute exemption under section 32(2) of the 2000 Act, saying that the exemption continued until the papers were destroyed, or for 20 years under the 1958 Act. Held: The … Continue reading Kennedy v The Charity Commission: SC 26 Mar 2014
The parties disputed whether Mr Smith had been an employee of or worker with the company so as to bring associated rights into play. The contract required the worker to provide an alternate worker to cover if necessary. Held: The company’s appeal failed. Mr Smith was a worker: ‘there were features of the contract which … Continue reading Pimlico Plumbers Ltd and Another v Smith: SC 13 Jun 2018
This is an appeal on preliminary points of European Union and domestic law regarding the circumstances in which damages may be recoverable for failure to comply with the requirements of the Public Procurement Directive (Parliament and Council Directive 2004/18/EC on the coordination of procedures for the award of public works contracts, public supply contracts and … Continue reading Nuclear Decommissioning Authority v Energysolutions EU Ltd (Now Called ATK Energy EU Ltd): SC 11 Apr 2017
The claimant sought to bring an action for damages arising from an alleged breach of competition rules by the defendant. The defendant argued that the claim was out of time being outside the two year period required. Held: The respondent’s appeal succeeded. Where there was an appeal against the infringement itself, the two year period … Continue reading BCL Old Co Ltd and Others v BASF Se and Others: CA 22 May 2009
The claimant sought damages after the defendants had been found to be part of an unlawful price maintenance cartel. The respondent argued that the claim was out of time. Held: The claim could proceed. Judges: Barling J Citations: [2008] CAT 24 Links: Bailii Statutes: Competition Act 1998 47A Citing: See Also – BCL Old Co … Continue reading BCL Old Co Ltd and others v Basf Se and others: CAT 25 Sep 2008
The Home Secretary had issued directives to the BBC and IBA prohibiting the broadcasting of speech by representatives of proscribed terrorist organisations. The applicant journalists challenged the legality of the directives on the ground that they were incompatible with the ECHR, and also on the ground that they were disproportionate in going beyond the established … Continue reading Regina v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex parte Brind: HL 7 Feb 1991
The Competition Appeal Tribunal had remitted a matter to the Office of Fair Trading and had set a time limit for the Commisioner to complete his investigation. The Office appealed. Held: It was not within the CAT’s power, under either the Rules or the Act, to impose such a condition when setting aside a decision … Continue reading Office of Communications and Another v Floe Telecom Ltd: CA 15 Jun 2006
The claimant sought summary judgment against the defendant for operating websites using domain names which included the claimant’s name and trade marks. Tesco had entered into agreements with a third party company who organised adverts for Tesco on other sites. Tesco approved the main sites which did not use the Tesco name, but the defendant … Continue reading Tesco Stores Ltd v Elogicom Ltd and Another: ChD 8 Mar 2006
The claimant sought judicial review of an order quashing the decision of the Office of Communications to refuse a radio licence. Held: The court should be very cautious before quashing a decision as to the allocation of broadcasting licences. It was OfCom to which the responsibility for making such a decision had been given. Its … Continue reading Wildman, Regina (on the Application of) v The Office of Communications: Admn 25 Jul 2005
The claimant alleged that the defendants had been importing copies of their perfumes. The products were not counterfeits, but ‘smell-alikes’. The defendants’ packaging and naming was used to suggest which perfume it resembled. Held: The claimant’s expert survey evidence was defective in several ways, but even so there was no evidence of confusion under the … Continue reading L’Oreal Sa and others v Bellure NV and others: ChD 4 Oct 2006
Citations: [2018] EWCA Civ 2527 Links: Bailii Statutes: Consumer Rights Act 2015, Competition Act 1998 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Commercial Updated: 27 June 2022; Ref: scu.628701
Mrs Nolan had been employed at a US airbase. When it closed, and she was made redundant, she complained that the appellant had not consulted properly on the redundancies. The US denied that it had responsibility to consult, and now appealed. Held: The appeal failed (Lord Carnworth dissenting). That the exact situation might not have … Continue reading The United States of America v Nolan: SC 21 Oct 2015
The tenant had taken on pub leases with ties requiring him to buy beer from companies associated with the landlords. The European Commission had issued a decision and the House was asked whether this was binding on the parties. Held: Intrepreneur’s appeal was allowed. The Commission’s decision was not binding. Lord Bingham: ‘Community law prohibits … Continue reading Inntrepreneur Pub Company (CPC) and others v Crehan: HL 19 Jul 2006
The authority sought to control local unlicensed Sunday markets. Held: The Acts gave the authority the right to run its own markets, and to license others. That right included in each case the right to prevent others competing within the area designated. An argument that a right to prosecute was a sufficient remedy and excluded … Continue reading Leeds City Council v Watkins, Whiteley: ChD 25 Mar 2003
Tenants in a shopping precinct sought to enforce restrictive covenants directly against other tenants. Held: The leases were in the same form, and covenants had been imposed to restrict the uses to avoid conflict. The scheme had the characteristics required of a letting scheme. It was not necessary to look beyond the leases themselves. The … Continue reading Williams, Williams v Kiley T/A CK Supermarkets Limited: CA 21 Nov 2002
The test of whether a sign is confusing is how the use of the sign would be perceived by the average consumer of the type of goods in question. ‘The likelihood of confusion must therefore be appreciated globally, taking into account all factors relevant to the circumstances of the case. That global appreciation of the … Continue reading Sabel BV v Puma AG, Rudolf Dassler Sport: ECJ 11 Nov 1997
The transport of motorway maintenance vehicles and plant to and from sites on the back of a low loader is not sufficiently closely connected with the use of such machines on the motorways, to attract exemption as for such use from the general regulation of transport, including in particular, the need for the use of … Continue reading Vehicle Inspectorate v Bruce Cook Road Planing Ltd and Another: HL 8 Jul 1999
The court was asked as to an employee’s covenant now said to be in restraint of trade. Held: In disputes between employers and ex-employees courts will usually seek to protect the rights of employees to advance their chosen trade and profession, to promote their own private interests by changing their employment and also to promote … Continue reading G D Searle and Co Ltd v Celltech Ltd: CA 1982
When construing restrictive covenants in an employment contract, the court should construe the contract in the light of the object and intent of the contract as a whole. It may be read down and need not be read literally. Lord Denning said that it is just because there may be serious difficulties in identifying precisely … Continue reading Littlewoods Organisations Ltd v Harris: CA 1977
The company had leased a public house to the respondent. The lease was subject to a tie, under which the respondent had to purchase supplies from the company. The company came to sue for the price of beer supplied. The respondent asserted that the tie agreement was unlawful, because the company sold beer to non-tied … Continue reading Courage Ltd and Crehan v Crehan and Courage Ltd and Others: ECJ 20 Sep 2001
The applicant sought a declaration as to the lawfulness of a lottery scheme whilst criminal proceedings were pending against it for the same scheme. Held: It was not necessary to decide whether a declaration as to the criminality or otherwise of future conduct can ever properly be made by a civil court. It would be … Continue reading Imperial Tobacco Ltd v Attorney-General: HL 1980
Patient transfer policy was unlawful The claimants had relatives who died in care homes early in the COVID-19 pandemic. They said that the policy of moving patients from hospitals to care homes without testing had contributed to the deaths, and many others, and had been unlawful. The respondents said that at the time it was … Continue reading Gardner and Another, Regina (on The Application of) v Secretary of State for Health and Social Care and Others: Admn 27 Apr 2022
The court considered the law relating to post employment restrictive covenants. Gloster J said: ‘(1) Covenants in Restraint of Trade are prima-facie unlawful and accordingly are ‘to be treated with suspicion’ see per Laddie J in Countrywide Assured Financial Services Limited v Smart ChD 7 May 2004. It is for the covenantee to identify a … Continue reading Brake Brothers Limited v Ungless: QBD 2004
The claimant sought damages for the losses it had suffered as a result of price fixing by the defendant companies in the vitamin market. The European Commission had already fined the defendant for its involvement. Held: In an action for breach of statutory duty the court can in appropriate circumstances make a restitutionary award, that … Continue reading Devenish Nutrition Ltd and others v Sanofi-Aventis SA (France) and others: ChD 19 Oct 2007
Decomposed Snail in Ginger Beer Bottle – Liability The appellant drank from a bottle of ginger beer manufactured by the defendant. She suffered injury when she found a half decomposed snail in the liquid. The glass was opaque and the snail could not be seen. The drink had been bought for her by a friend, … Continue reading Donoghue (or M’Alister) v Stevenson: HL 26 May 1932
The claimant had taken two leases, but had been made subject to beer ties with the defendant. He claimed damages for the losses, saying he had been forced to pay higher prices than those allowed to non-tied houses, and that the agreement was anti-competitive, and that the individual exemption from the EC Treaty obligations which … Continue reading Crehan v Inntrepreneur Pub Company (CPC): CA 21 May 2004
Lloyds Agents Owe Care Duty to Member; no Contract Managing agents conducted the financial affairs of the Lloyds Names belonging to the syndicates under their charge. It was alleged that they managed these affairs with a lack of due careleading to enormous losses. Held: The assumption of responsibility principle enunciated in Hedley is not confined … Continue reading Henderson v Merrett Syndicates Ltd: HL 25 Jul 1994
The court considered correct approach to determination of the rateable value of an office building, in circumstances where the evidence showed at the relevant time a general demand in the area for comparable office buildings, but no actual tenant willing to pay a positive price for the building itself. Held: (Briggs, Black LL dissenting) The … Continue reading Telereal Trillium v Hewitt (Valuation Officer): SC 15 May 2019
Consultation to be Early and Real Listening The claimant was severely disabled as a result of a road traffic accident. She and others were placed in an NHS home for long term disabled people and assured that this would be their home for life. Then the health authority decided that they were in need of … Continue reading Regina v North and East Devon Health Authority ex parte Coughlan and Secretary of State for Health Intervenor and Royal College of Nursing Intervenor: CA 16 Jul 1999
Ban on Prisoners talking to Journalists unlawful The two prisoners, serving life sentences for murder, had had their appeals rejected. They continued to protest innocence, and sought to bring their campaigns to public attention through the press, having oral interviews with journalists without undertakings from the journalists not to publish any element of the interview. … Continue reading Regina v Secretary of State for The Home Department Ex Parte Simms: HL 8 Jul 1999
The bank challenged measures taken by HM Treasury to restrict access to the United Kingdom’s financial markets by a major Iranian commercial bank, Bank Mellat, on the account of its alleged connection with Iran’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programmes. The bank sought to have the direction given under section 7 of the 2008 Act. … Continue reading Bank Mellat v Her Majesty’s Treasury (No 2): SC 19 Jun 2013
Roth J, Simon Holmes, Robin Mason [2021] WLR(D) 628 WLRD Competition Act 1998 49(1A) England and Wales Commercial Updated: 28 December 2021; Ref: scu.670539
The patient saw his doctor and complained about a lump under his arm. The doctor failed to diagnose cancer. It was nine months before treatment was begun. The claimant sought damages for the reduction in his prospects of disease-free survival for ten years from 42%, when he first consulted the doctor to 25%. The House … Continue reading Gregg v Scott: HL 27 Jan 2005
Exercise of Prerogative Power is Reviewable The House considered an executive decision made pursuant to powers conferred by a prerogative order. The Minister had ordered employees at GCHQ not to be members of trades unions. Held: The exercise of a prerogative power of a public nature may be, subject to constraints of national security and … Continue reading Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service: HL 22 Nov 1984
(Grand Chamber) The subsequent use against a defendant in a prosecution, of evidence which had been obtained under compulsion in company insolvency procedures was a convention breach of Art 6. Although not specifically mentioned in Article 6 of the Convention the right to silence and the right not to incriminate oneself are generally recognised international … Continue reading Saunders v The United Kingdom: ECHR 17 Dec 1996
The appellant complained that the respondent had imported into the European Economic Area disk drives bearing its trade marks in breach of the appellant’s rights. The respondent had argued that the appellant had abused its position by withholding information which would allow it to trade lawfully. The Court was now asked: ‘whether a person who … Continue reading Oracle America Inc v M-Tech Data Ltd: SC 27 Jun 2012
The court was asked to accept an appeal against not the order made by the tribunal, but the terms of the reasoned judgment. Held: The appeal was allowed. The Tribunal had made findings which were unnecessary to its judgment, and which were capable of being damaging to the public interest. Even though the Regulator had … Continue reading Office of Communications and Another v Floe Telecom Ltd: CA 10 Feb 2009
The principal claimants sold the rights to take photographs of their wedding to a co-claimant magazine (OK). Persons acting on behalf of the defendants took unauthorised photographs which the defendants published. The claimants had retained joint copyright over the photographs and reserved a right to control publication of any particular photographs. In return they made … Continue reading Douglas and others v Hello! Ltd and others (No 3): CA 18 May 2005
Account taken of circumstances wihout ambiguity The respondent gave advice on home income plans. The individual claimants had assigned their initial claims to the scheme, but later sought also to have their mortgages in favour of the respondent set aside. Held: Investors having once assigned their causes of action to the ICS, could not later … Continue reading Investors Compensation Scheme Ltd v West Bromwich Building Society: HL 19 Jun 1997
Not Homeless Even if Accomodation Inadequate The applicants, a married couple, lived with a young child and later also a baby in one room of a guest house. They were given breakfast but had no cooking or washing facilities. They succeeded on a judicial review of the housing authority’s decision that they had accommodation. They … Continue reading Regina v Hillingdon London Borough Council Ex parte Puhlhofer: HL 2 Jan 1986
The claimants had been in coaches being driven to take part in a demonstration at an air base. The defendant police officers stopped the coaches en route, and, without allowing any number of the claimants to get off, returned the coaches to London. The officer acted saying that he feared a breach of the peace … Continue reading Laporte, Regina (on the application of ) v Chief Constable of Gloucestershire: HL 13 Dec 2006
The claimant sought to renew its leases of docking facilities from the landlord defendant. The defendant resisted saying it intended to operate its own business, and the claimant now alleged that the defendant was abusing its dominant position to demand excessive rents. The defendant sought to strike out that part of the claim. Held: The … Continue reading Humber Oil Terminals Trustee Ltd v Associated British Ports: ChD 24 Feb 2011
The claimants had been wrongly imprisoned for a murder they did not commit. The assessor had deducted from their compensation a sum to represent the living costs they would have incurred if living freely. They also appealed differences from a prisoner also wrongly accused of the same crime, in the percentage deduction made for their … Continue reading O’Brien and others v Independent Assessor: HL 14 Mar 2007
Exercise of Ministerial Discretion The Minister had power to direct an investigation in respect of any complaint as to the operation of any marketing scheme for agricultural produce. Milk producers complained about the price paid by the milk marketing board for their milk when compared with prices paid to producers in other regions. The Minister … Continue reading Padfield v Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food: HL 14 Feb 1968
The Court was asked whether claims against MAM for losses suffered by reason of a cartel infringing article 81(1) TEC (now article 101 TFEU) were time-barred, and also as to substantive questions about the nature of the decisions of the European Commission (or European Court of Justice) which bind domestic courts as to the existence … Continue reading Deutsche Bahn Ag and Others v Morgan Advanced Materials Plc: SC 9 Apr 2014
The parties had engaged in a bitter 95 day trial in which allegations of forgery, theft, false accounting, blackmail and arson. A company owning patents and other rights had become insolvent, and the real concern was the destination and ownership of . .
The appellant challenged by review the use of closed material first in the issue of a search warrant, and subsequently to justify the retention of materials removed during the search.
Held: The appeal failed. No express statutory justification . .
Policies created by public bodies are a means of promoting consistency while not fettering the discretion of a public body. They allow others to know how the authority will respond to those who must deal with the authority. In maiing such policies: . .
The company challenged as unfair its treatment by the respondent in imposing fines for anti-competive behaviour. The claimant was successor of the company who had misbehaved, but the claimant no longer operated in the area and had no employees from . .
The court considered its powers and those of the Competition Appeal Tribunal where the regulator had found an infringement and the party sought damages as a result of the infringement. . .
The two prisoners, serving life sentences for murder, had had their appeals rejected. They continued to protest innocence, and sought to bring their campaigns to public attention through the press, having oral interviews with journalists without . .
The English legal system has been producing law reports since time immemorial, and the Scots for even longer. These pages are full of codes making reference to such series, with their wonderful array of abbreviations. You cannot enquire about the law without beginning at least to understand and use them. Here is a brief, but … Continue reading Reports
Our law-index is a substantial selection from our database. Cases here are restricted in number by date and lack the additional facilities formerly available within lawindexpro. Please do enjoy this free version of the lawindex. Case law does not ‘belong’ to lawyers. Judgments are made up of words which can be read and understood (if … Continue reading law index
