EAT JURISDICTIONAL POINTS – 2002 Act and pre-action requirements Whether the statutory grievance procedure applies to a claim of post-termination victimisation. It does.A claim alleging victimisation in consequence of evidence contained in witness statements served in proceedings in the employment tribunal failed for immunity. Judges: Peter Clark HHJ Citations: [2010] UKEAT 0022 – 10 – … Continue reading Parmar v East Leicester Medical Practice: EAT 5 Nov 2010
Lord Denning MR said: ‘In recent years we have had to consider the procedure of many bodies who are required to make an investigation and form an opinion . . In all these cases it has been held that the investigating body is under a duty to act fairly: but that which fairness requires depends … Continue reading Regina v Race Relations Board, Ex parte Selvarajan: CA 1975
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION Racial harassment – Tribunal did not make a finding on the question of whether a fellow employee used the expression ‘white trash’ in his hearing, did not make findings on certain relevant aspects of section 3A of the Race Relations Act 1976 and did not deal with one aspect of the Claimant’s … Continue reading Cam v Matrix Service Development and Training Ltd (Race Discrimination): EAT 28 Aug 2013
The court considered whether discriminatory acts after the termination of employment were caught by the respective anti-discrimination Acts. The acts included a failure to give proper references. They pursued claims on the basis of victimisation after their primary discrimination claims. Held: The 1975 and 1976 Acts were similarly phrased and the wording in the 1995 … Continue reading Relaxion Group plc v Rhys-Harper; D’Souza v London Borough of Lambeth; Jones v 3M Healthcare Limited and three other actions: HL 19 Jun 2003
The seller sold aluminium to the defendant, but included a clause under which they retained title in the materials sold, even if mixed in with manufactured goods, until they had been paid for the metal. The defendants appealed a finding that the receivers held the proceeds of sale of the manufactured goods on trust for … Continue reading Aluminium Industrie Vaassen B V v Romalpa Aluminium Ltd: CA 16 Jan 1976
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION – VictimisationThe judgment of this Tribunal in Martin v Devonshire Solicitors [2011] ICR 352 should not be used as a template into which to fit the factual aspects of a case in which victimisation was alleged. It related to exceptional circumstances and Employment Tribunals need to be cautious about regarding features such … Continue reading Woodhouse v West North West Homes Leeds Ltd (Race Discrimination): EAT 5 Jun 2013
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The Claimant complained to an industrial tribunal of unlawful racial discrimination. He had suffered a nervous breakdown and was certified as unfit for work due to stress. The employer had compromised all claims justiciable by the Employment tribunal. Held: The employment tribunal had similar powers to the county court when hearing cases alleging the tort … Continue reading Sheriff v Klyne Tugs (Lowestoft) Ltd: CA 24 Jun 1999
This case concerns gipsies, and whether they are a racial group within the Race Relations Act 1976 . Citations: [1988] EWCA Civ 17, [1989] 1 All ER 306, [1989] 2 WLR 17, [1989] QB 783, [1989] IRLR 8 Links: Bailii Jurisdiction: England and Wales Discrimination Updated: 20 December 2022; Ref: scu.381759
That a company did not allow to Muslims time of for Eid did not establish lack of intent to discriminate. Citations: Times 13-Nov-1995 Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 57(3) Jurisdiction: England and Wales Employment, Discrimination Updated: 09 December 2022; Ref: scu.81564
Appeal at the instance of the Lord Chancellor and his department against the decision of the Employment Tribunal that in the selection of a special adviser he contravened the provisions in respect of the first respondent, as she now is, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and in respect of the second respondent, as she now … Continue reading The Lord Chancellor and Another v Coker and Another: EAT 17 Jan 2001
The applicants had come to the UK after being excluded from their own island of Chagos. They sought judicial review of the refusal of Job Seekers’ Allowance after a finding that they were not resident here. Judges: Ward LJ, Thomas LJ, Wa;; LJ Citations: [2007] EWCA Civ 1086, [2008] ACD 21, [2008] 1 WLR 2762 … Continue reading Couronne and others v Bontemps and others: CA 2 Nov 2007
Application for leave to appeal against dismissal of complaint of race discrimination and unfair dismissal. Judges: Peter Gibson LJ Citations: [2001] EWCA Civ 446 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 1(1)(a) Jurisdiction: England and Wales Employment, Discrimination Updated: 23 November 2022; Ref: scu.200861
The claimant appealed dismissal of his claim for race discrimination, saying that the defendant had failed to comply with its own disciplinary procedures. She had been accused of making inappropriate remarks after 9/11. The EAT had found that the ET had misunderstood the defendant’s procedures. Held: The appeal succeeded. The suspension had proceeded despite awareness … Continue reading H Aziz v Crown Prosecution Service: CA 31 Jul 2006
The applicant sought leave to appeal against a decision disallowing his complaint at his claim for race discrimination being struck out as scandalous, frivolous or vexatious. He said that the Tribunal had dismissed his claim without giving him opportunity to present the facts on which it was based. Held: Given the decision on Roffey, the … Continue reading Balamoody v United Kingdom Central Council for Nursing: CA 14 May 2001
The complainant, a Cypriot, argued that the respondent college’s practice, determined by government policy, of charging higher fees to ‘overseas’ students than to ‘home’ students indirectly discriminated against him on the ground of his race. ‘Overseas’ students were defined as those who had not been resident in the UK or the EEC for the three … Continue reading Orphanos v Queen Mary College: HL 1985
The employee appealed a finding that the employer had not discriminated against her, saying that the tribunal had refused an adjournment. Held: The refusal or grant of an adjournment was a matter within the discretion of a tribunal in fulfillment of its case management duties. In the absence of exceptional reasons, an appeal court could … Continue reading Harrold v North Bristol NHS Trust: CA 2 Nov 2007
The Respondent had authorised immigration officers to act in a way which would otherwise be a discrimination against Tamils under the 1976 Act. They complained that authorisations had been effectively and unlawfully delegated. Held: The evaluations would in practice be carried out by individual immigration officers, and the decisions would be theirs. The authorisation therefore … Continue reading Regina (Tamil Information Centre) v Secretary of State for the Home Department: Admn 18 Oct 2002
Citations: [1998] EWCA Civ 251 Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 1(4)(a) 4(2)(b) Jurisdiction: England and Wales Discrimination Updated: 14 November 2022; Ref: scu.143729
EAT JURISDICTIONAL POINTS- Agency relationshipsRACE DISCRIMINATIONDirectInjury to feelingsAccepted, in line with EAT authority, that common law agency principles apply to Race Relations Act s32(1). On that basis employer appeal against agency finding upheld and set aside.Injury to feelings award manifestly excessive and wrong in principle (see Vento). Award reduced from andpound;12,000 to andpound;6,000. Judges: Peter … Continue reading Ministry of Defence v Kemeh: EAT 11 Mar 2013
The court emphasised the ubiquitous need to make the findings of primary fact without which it is impossible to consider the drawing of relevant inferences. A tribunal hearing a race discrimination case must ask the question as put by the Act; there was a fundamental flaw in the decision in asking and answering wrong question. … Continue reading Marks and Spencer Plc v Martins: CA 19 Dec 1997
On a true construction of section 2(1), a person alleged to have been victimised had to establish that the alleged discriminator, in treating him less favourably than another, had a motive which was consciously connected with the race relations legislation. Citations: [1997] EWCA Civ 2671, [1998] IRLR 73 Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 2(1) Jurisdiction: … Continue reading Nagarajan v London Regional Transport; Swiggs and London Regional Transport v Nagarajan: CA 7 Nov 1997
The claimants alleged that the way in which Harrods organised their sales worked as race discrimination. Harrods now appealed against decisions that such a case might be brought under section 7 of the 1976 Act. Citations: [1998] ICR 156, [1997] IRLR 583, [1998] 1 All ER 52, [1997] EWCA Civ 2126 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race … Continue reading Elmi v Harrods Ltd and Another Harrods Ltd v Remick Harrods Ltd v Seeley: CA 17 Jul 1997
Store setting terms for concessionaire to employ staff liable for racial discrimination in election of staff by concessionaire. Citations: Times 22-Jul-1997 Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 7 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Discrimination Updated: 09 November 2022; Ref: scu.81264
EAT Race Discrimination : Continuing Act – The Claimant complained of entries made on Facebook by work colleagues, said to be acts of discrimination on the grounds of disability and nationality. He was found to be out of time. The Employment Judge’s decision at a PHR in part was reversed. The Employment Judge erred in … Continue reading Novak v Phones 4U Ltd: EAT 14 Sep 2012
The applicant alleged that his rights had been infringed by his dismissal from his post as driver transporting children and adults with physical and/or mental disabilities. He had stood for election as a candidate for the British National Party, a party then allowing only white nationals as members. The majority of his customers and a … Continue reading Redfearn v The United Kingdom: ECHR 6 Nov 2012
The appellant had complained to the Employment Tribunal alleging race discrimination by the Respondent. That claim had failed, and several appeals had also failed. The claim alleged indirect discrimination, and the respondent admitted unwitting indirect discrimination, and accordingly no damages were payable. Because of his manner of conduct of the proceedings, including disclosure of matters … Continue reading Dr Adoko v Law Society: CA 7 Mar 1997
Race discrimination which took place after a dismissal was not unlawful within the section, since that first required the context of employment, and after the dismissal, the applicant was no longer in that employment. The natural meaning of the phrase ’employed by him’ in section 4 (2) was confined to persons employed at the time … Continue reading Post Office v Adekeye: CA 13 Nov 1996
Individual officers, but not the police force itself are answerable in a race discrimination claim. The force is not vicariously liable for an individual officer’s acts. Citations: Gazette 06-Nov-1996, Times 10-Oct-1996, [1996] EWCA Civ 684, [1998] QB 65, (1997) 9 Admin LR 601, [1997] 1 All ER 289 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 … Continue reading Farah v Commissioner of Police for Metropolis: CA 9 Oct 1996
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION – Race Relations: jurisdictionThis appeal is concerned with the application of section 68 of the Race Relations Act 1976. The Employment Tribunal held, on a Pre-Hearing Review, that there was no reasonable prospect that a Tribunal would find the alleged acts of harassment that pre-date the Appellant’s dismissal could be found to … Continue reading Alam v London Probation Trust: EAT 15 Mar 2012
The claimant applied for leave to bring an action for race discrimination nine years after the acts complained of. Leave was granted. The respondent said the tribunal should have heard the complaint first before deciding to extend time. Held: The discretion given was to act as the tribunal thought just and equitable. There was no … Continue reading Afolabi v Southwark London Borough Council: CA 24 Jan 2003
The claimant’s brother had died whilst in custody. Prosecutions of police officers had failed, and the claimant alleged that Crown Prosecution Service had been negligent and discriminatory in its conduct of the prosecution. Citations: [2006] EWCA Civ 1741 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Discrimination, Legal Professions Updated: 22 October … Continue reading Alder v The Chief Constable of Humberside Police and others: CA 18 Dec 2006
Health insurer is not body providing qualification to carry on profession or trade and not liable as such in race discrimination laws. Citations: Times 24-Jul-1997, [1997] EWCA Civ 2046 Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 12 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Cited by: Cited – Kelly v Northern Ireland Housing Executive; Loughran v Northern Ireland Housing Executive … Continue reading Dr Tattari v Private Patients Plan Limited: CA 8 Jul 1997
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION Inferring discrimination Comparison Appeal by the Hospital Trust on grounds that (a) there was a failure to construct a true hypothetical comparator (b) there was a failure to properly consider whether the treatment of the Claimant was on racial grounds under s.1(1)(a) of the Race Relations Act 1976 and (c) there were … Continue reading Central Manchester University Hospitals Nhs Foundation Trust v Browne: EAT 10 Feb 2012
EAT Jurisdictional Points : 2002 Act and Pre-Action Requirements – Claims under the Race Relations Act 1976 – Judge wrong to hold that employee had failed to lodge a relevant grievance for the purpose of section 32 of the Employment Act 2002 (dicta of Elias P in Martin v Class Security Installations Ltd that the … Continue reading Odukwe v The Partners of Hoare Lea Consulting Engineers: EAT 27 Jan 2012
EAT PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE – Striking-out/dismissalRACE DISCRIMINATIONHARASSMENTConsideration of ss.12(1A) and 27A Race Relations Act 1976. Employment Judge correct in striking out Claimant’s complaint of harassment under s.3A RRA on particular facts of this case. Judges: Peter Clark J Citations: [2011] UKEAT 0201 – 11 – 0411, [2011] UKEAT 0202 – 11 – 0411 Links: Bailii, … Continue reading Vaidya v The General Medical Council: EAT 4 Nov 2011
Judges: Mummery, Richards, Rimer LJJ Citations: [2011] EWCA Civ 1519 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Citing: Appeal from – Bouzir v Country Style Foods Ltd EAT 18-May-2011 EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION – Burden of proofThe Employment Tribunal did not apply section 54A(2) of the Race Relations Act 1976. The facts … Continue reading Country Style Foods Ltd v Bouzir: CA 8 Dec 2011
EAT Race Discrimination – Discrimination by other bodiesPractice and Procedure – Amendment(a) The Employment Tribunal correctly held it had no jurisdiction to hear Claimant’s case brought under the Race Relations Act 1976 s12 against the General Medical Council as a qualifying body.(b) If it did, and if it were necessary to decide the point, the … Continue reading Tariquez-Zaman v General Medical Council: EAT 20 Dec 2006
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION: Aiding and abetting Issues relating to s11 and s33 Race Relations Act 1976 correctly dealt with by a Tribunal on a striking-out application. Judges: Ansell J Citations: [2008] UKEAT 0270 – 08 – 1408 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 11 33 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Employment, Discrimination Updated: 01 October … Continue reading Shestak v Royal College of Nursing and others: EAT 14 Aug 2008
The appellant’s application for full registration as a qualified medical practitioner had been refused by the GMC after a five-year maximum period of limited registration. His application for full registration in accordance with section 25 of the Medical Act 1983 was refused by the GMC. He then applied to the Review Board for Overseas Qualified … Continue reading Khan v General Medical Council: CA 11 Apr 1994
EAT Race Discrimination : Direct – Indirect – Continuing actThe Employment Tribunal was correct to find that it had no jurisdiction to entertain claims for direct and indirect discrimination on the grounds of race as the claims were issued out of time, and no application had been made to extend time.Although the Employment Tribunal may … Continue reading Ruhaza v Alexander Hancock Recruitment Ltd: EAT 4 Nov 2011
Miss Singh challenged her school’s policy which operated to prevent her wearing while at school a steel bangle, a Kara. She said this was part of her religion as a Sikh. Held: Earlier comparable applications had been made under human rights law, but this was under the 1976 Act. The evidence established that the Sikh … Continue reading Watkins-Singh, Regina (on the Application of) v The Governing Body of Aberdare Girls’ High School and Another: Admn 29 Jul 2008
Appeal from refusal of jurisdiction Judges: Morison P J Citations: [1998] UKEAT 116 – 98 – 1102 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976, Trade Union and Labour Relation (Consolidation) Act 1992 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Cited by: See Also – Aniagwu v London Borough of Hackney and Another EAT 2-Sep-1998 . .See Also – … Continue reading Aniagwu v London Borough of Hackney and Another: EAT 11 Feb 1998
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION – Burden of proofThe Employment Tribunal did not apply section 54A(2) of the Race Relations Act 1976. The facts upon which the Claimant relied, taken as a whole were such that the Tribunal could conclude in the absence of an adequate explanation that the Respondent refused or deliberately omitted to offer him … Continue reading Bouzir v Country Style Foods Ltd: EAT 18 May 2011
The claimant was employed by the Army. He claimed that he was racially discriminated against because the army refused to provide him with Halal meat. Held: The 1976 Act first required the applicant to have exhausted the Army’s own internal grievance procedures. He had not done so. The employment tribunal therefore had no jurisdiction to … Continue reading Mangera v Ministry of Defence: CA 19 May 2003
The claimant had succeeded in her claim for constructive unfair dismissal, and of sex and race discrimation at the tribunal. The EAT reversed the discrimination findings saying that the claimant had not set them out in her ET1, and the Tribunal had wrongly extended them, giving the respondents no fair notice. She now appealed against … Continue reading Hewage v Grampian Health Board: SCS 14 Jan 2011
The claimant appealed against a finding that there had been no race discrimation in her case. She had overheard a manager refer to her as ‘the wog’. She said that this was sufficient to mean that she suffered a detriment. The employer replied that the word detriment shouldbe looked at not by the effect on … Continue reading De Souza v Automobile Association: CA 19 Dec 1985
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION Inferring discrimination Burden of proof UNFAIR DISMISSAL Procedural fairness / automatically unfair dismissalThe Employment Tribunal misdirected themselves in applying Section 54A of the Race Relations Act 1976. They erred in holding that the burden of proof passed to the Respondents on the Claimant establishing a prima facie case that they could have … Continue reading Hammonds Llp and Others v Mwitta: EAT 1 Oct 2010
The court was asked whether the statutory burden of proof in a case of alleged direct race discrimination was properly understood and applied by the Employment Tribunal in accordance with section 54A(2) of the Race Relations Act 1976, as amended. Held: The appeal was allowed. The ET had erred as to the law. Judges: Mummery, … Continue reading St Christopher’s Fellowship v Walters-Ennis: CA 30 Jul 2010
EAT TRADE UNION RIGHTS – Action short of dismissal VICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATION – Other forms of victimisation The Employment Tribunal did not err in failing to determine the Appellant’s claim under Section 146 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 on a balance of probabilities. The Appellant had also claimed victimisation under the … Continue reading Gayle v Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust: EAT 16 Apr 2010
EAT VICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATION SEX DISCRIMINATION – Burden of Proof Ex-employee given unfavourable reference – Claim that terms of reference were partly on account of her having previously brought sex discrimination proceedings against employers – Claim decided by the Tribunal on basis of the ‘reverse burden of proof’ provisions of s. 63A of Sex Discrimination Act … Continue reading Pothecary Witham Weld (A Firm) and Another v Bullimore and Another: EAT 29 Mar 2010
EAT PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE Application/claim AmendmentVICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATION An originating application must be read as a whole to ascertain whether it contains a particular complaint. The Claimant who was black and dyslexic completed an ET1 without legal assistance. He ticked the Disability and the Race boxes in paragraph 6.1. In the particulars of complaint in Box … Continue reading Baker v The Commissioner of Police of The Metropolis: EAT 5 Feb 2010
EAT JURISDICTIONAL POINTS Working outside the Jurisdiction Hong Kong based cabin crew employed on Hong Kong to London flights. Whether working partly at an establishment in Great Britain for purposes of s.8(1) Race Relations Act 1976; reg 10(1) Age Regulations 2006. Employment Tribunal finding that they were upheld. Citations: [2010] UKEAT 0055 – 09 – … Continue reading British Airways Plc v Mak and Others: EAT 20 Jan 2010
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION: Discrimination by other bodiesPRACTICE and PROCEDURE: CostsClaims brought under ss12 and 13 Race Relations Act 1976. Properly struck out by Employment Tribunal under Rule 18(7)(b) as having no reasonable prospect of success.Costs of aborted EAT hearing to be paid by Appellant who was wholly responsible for those wasted costs. Citations: [2009] UKEAT … Continue reading Igboaka v The Royal College of Pathologists: EAT 3 Dec 2009
The claimant taxi driver sought to assert race discrimination. The respondent argued that he had not been an employee, but an independent contractor. The Claimant owned his own vehicle and paid the respondents minicab operators pounds 75 per week for a radio and access to their company system, which allocated calls from customers to a … Continue reading Mingeley v Pennock and Another (T/A Amber Cars): CA 9 Feb 2004
The appicant sought leave to appeal against refusal of his claim of race discrimination. Held: Leave was granted on one point. The Industrial Tribunal under the heading ‘Dismissal’, referred to the fact that: ‘The applicant lacked the ability to be a ‘team player’ and lack interpersonal and management skills.’ ‘It seems to us to be … Continue reading Tchoula v Netto Foodstores Ltd: EAT 14 Jul 1997
An employer’s liability for racial abuse by its employees is wider than its liability under the rules of vicarious liability. The statute created new obligations. Sex and race discrimination legislation seeks to eradicate the ‘very great evil’ of discrimination.Waite LJ said: ‘a statute is to be construed according to its legislative purpose, with due regard … Continue reading Tower Boot Company Limited v Jones: CA 11 Dec 1996
EAT VICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATIONPRACTICE AND PROCEDURENew evidence on appealCostsThe Employment Tribunal was right to reject the Claimant’s victimisation claim. It disbelieved her allegation that she saw the solicitor representing her previous employer in her first unsuccessful race discrimination visit her current employer.The Employment Tribunal did not err when it awarded andpound;7000 costs against her, taking into … Continue reading Hooper v Sherborne School: EAT 9 Sep 2009
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION: Direct / Burden of proof VICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATION PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: Appellate jurisdiction/reasons/Burns-BarkeNumerous complaints of direct discrimination/victimisation under the Race Relations Act 1976 (RRA). Whether the Employment Tribunal reasoning passed the Meek test. With one exception it did not; those matters remitted to fresh Employment Tribunal for rehearing. On the question, does s.54A … Continue reading Milton Keynes General Hospital NHS Trust and Another v Maruziva: EAT 9 Oct 2009
EAT PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: Case managementUNFAIR DISMISSAL: Constructive dismissalRACE DISCRIMINATION: Burden of proofAn Employment Tribunal did not err in law when it upheld the Claimant’s claim in part that she had been discriminated against by being excluded from a recruitment process, in which as a manager she should have been involved, on the ground of … Continue reading St Christopher’s Fellowship v Walters-Ennis: EAT 8 Oct 2009
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION – Inferring DiscriminationTribunal wrong to apply test in King v Great Britain-China Centre [1992] ICR 516 instead of applying s.54A of Race Relations Act 1976 on the basis that the Claimant was claiming ‘colour discrimination’ – Chagger v Abbey National plc [2009] ICR 624 followed – but held that there was on … Continue reading Edozie v Group 4 Securicor Plc and Another: EAT 3 Jun 2009
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION Aiding and abetting Contract workers The Employment Tribunal erred in law in finding that a contract worker made the Claimant’s employer liable for direct race discrimination under sections 32 and 33 of the Race Relations Act 1976. The Tribunal failed to (a) make necessary findings of fact (b) to analyse the facts … Continue reading May and Baker Ltd (T/A Sanofi-Aventis Pharma) v Okerago: EAT 17 Feb 2010
The defendant’s employee disliked his neighbours – the plaintiffs. Whilst working in the sorting office, he wrote racially abusive materials on letters addressed to them. The plaintiffs appealed a finding that the defendant was not liable because the acts were not carried out as part of the employee’s work. Held: The test was whether the … Continue reading Irving and Irving v Post Office: CA 1987
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION: Contract workersLeeds contracted with WN for WN to provide housing services. WN contracted with Leeds for a department of Leeds to provide housing services back to WN so that WN could discharge its contractual duty to Leeds. WN employed Claimant. WN supplied Claimant to Leeds. Leeds employed Mr Chapman. Pursuant to section … Continue reading Leeds City Council v Woodhouse and Others: EAT 21 Apr 2009
The claimant had been a cook. A poster was put up at work redrawn to show her in a sexually suggestive pose. The court now considered an appeal agreed by consent by the parties. Held: Since the case had been heard, the Court of Appeal in Tower Boot had amended the law, and the appeal … Continue reading AB v CD: EAT 13 Nov 1997
EAT SEX DISCRIMINATION: Burden of proofRACE DISCRIMINATION: Inferring discrimination Tribunal found Claimant to have suffered both sex and race discrimination in course of her employment as a consultant orthodontist. On appeal, Tribunal found to have failed to carry out a like for like comparison with chosen comparators and to have, wrongly, only considered Appellants’ submissions … Continue reading Grampian Health Board v Hewage: EAT 4 Feb 2009
EAT PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: Striking-out/dismissal VICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATION: Other forms of victimisation The Employment Judge wrongly struck out the Claimant’s claim of victimisation under the Race Relations Act 1976 when, post-termination of employment, the Claimant contended the Respondent took steps to avoid paying a sum awarded by the Employment Tribunal and ordered by the County Court. … Continue reading Coutinho v Rank Nemo (DMS) Ltd: EAT 16 Sep 2008
EAT JURISDICTIONAL POINTS: Extension of time: just and equitable In considering whether it is just and equitable to exercise its discretion under Section 68 of the Race Relations Act 1976 to extend the time for the submission of the Originating Application the Employment Tribunal should have regard to the total period of delay. Citations: [2008] … Continue reading Orchid Pubs Ltd v Griffiths: EAT 25 Sep 2008
The court considered the use of injunctions to restrain breaches of planning control. The applicants were gypsies who had taken up occupation of land in mobile homes. The respondent had given them twelve months for them to find alternative accomodation. The extended time was intended to minimise disruption to the children’s education. Held: Even if … Continue reading O’Brien and others v South Cambridgeshire District Council: CA 24 Oct 2008
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION: Direct / Burden of proof / Other losses PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: Delay in ET judgment STATUTORY DISCIPLINE and GRIEVANCE PROCEDURES: Impact on compensation C, aged 40, dismissed from bank ostensibly for redundancy, but the dismissal held by the Employment Tribunal to have been unfair and on racial grounds – Decision announced informally … Continue reading Abbey National Plc and Another v Chagger: EAT 16 Oct 2008
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION: Direct PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE: Appellate jurisdiction< br />On application of Race Relations Act 1976 the Employment Tribunal did not err in rejecting the Claimant’s complaint that, in context, depiction of her as Mediterranean was unlawful discrimination. Employment Appeal Tribunal procedure on appeals explained. Judges: McMullen QC J Citations: [2008] UKEAT 0006 – … Continue reading Haritaki v South East England Development Agency: EAT 22 Jul 2008
EAT RACE DISCRIMINATION Detriment CONTRACT OF EMPLOYMENT Wrongful dismissal Appellant wrongly and unreasonably accused by employers of sexual harassment. Employers accept his denial but instruct him not seek to discuss the charges with the alleged victim. Appellant subsequently disobeys that instruction and is summarily dismissed.Tribunal holds:(1) Appellant not entitled to a claim that dismissal was … Continue reading Olasehinde v Panther Securities Plc: EAT 10 Jun 2008
Application for leave to appeal. Judges: Munby J Citations: [2008] EWHC 1665 (Admin) Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Citing: Principle judgement – E v The Governing Body of JFS and Another Admn 3-Jul-2008 The court considered the impact of secular discrimination policy on admissions policies of religious schools. Held: … Continue reading E v The Governing Body of JFS and Another: Admn 16 Jul 2008
The house considered the burden of proof in cases involving allegations of discrimination. Held: Lord Morison ‘The requirement necessary to establish less favourable treatment which is laid down by section 1(1) of the Act of 1976 is not one of less favourable treatment than that which would have been accorded by a reasonable employer in … Continue reading Glasgow City Council v Zafar: SCS 1997
The court considered how a claimant can establish a claim for race discrimination. Mummery LJ said: ‘The first part of the question is: ‘Was the applicant treated less favourably than they treated or would treat another person of a different racial group in the same or relevantly similar circumstances? The answer requires a comparison to … Continue reading Marks and Spencer Plc v Martins: 1998
EAT Sex Discrimination – Inferring DiscriminationThe claimant sought compenstion for sex discrimination. She appealed a finding of a material factor justifying the difference in pay. Held: The new provisions included reference to the Code of Practice issued by the Equal Opportunities Commission, which provided that the employer should provide a transparent system for setting pay … Continue reading Barton v Investec Henderson Crosthwaite Securities Ltd: EAT 6 Mar 2003
EAT VICTIMISATION DISCRIMINATION: DismissalUNFAIR DISMISSAL: Reasonableness of dismissalReason for dismissal for purposes of (a) s2 RRA victimisation claim and (b) unfair dismissal. Whether s2(2) RRA disqualified the Claimant from pursuing victimisation claim. Reasonableness under s98(4) dependant on (a) finding of victimisation being upheld (it was not) and (b) finding of failure to carry out reasonable … Continue reading HM Prison Service and others v Ibimidun: EAT 2 Apr 2008
The court was asked as to whether the provisions for the reversal of the burden of proof in discrimination cases was limited to findings of discrimination or extended also to issues of victimisation, and as to whether section 5A had properly incorporated the European Directive. Held: The test in section 54A and in Igen v … Continue reading Oyarce v Cheshire County Council: CA 2 May 2008
EAT Race discriminationThe burden of proof in section 54A of the Race Relations Act 1976 does not apply to cases of direct discrimination on the grounds of nationality or colour. In such cases the less stringent burden of proof set out in King v Great Britain – China Centre [1992] ICR 516 and Anya v … Continue reading Okonu v G4S Security Services (UK) Ltd: EAT 11 Feb 2007
The professor had sought time off to represent another lecturer claiming race discrimination against the University. The University said that her behaviour created a conflict of interest with the University. She continued and herself claimed victimisation. After the case failed, she was herself suspended, and her email account searched from which further disciplinary charges were … Continue reading Fosh v Cardiff University: EAT 23 Jan 2008
EAT Unfair dismissal – Procedural fairness/automatically unfair dismissalPractice and Procedure – Appellate jurisdiction/Reasons/Burns-BarkeRace discrimination – Direct / Burden of proof / VictimisationIt being common ground that the Employment Tribunal directed itself correctly on the law, its application to the facts was not perverse. The Employment Tribunal approached the burden of proof correctly, except for holding … Continue reading Birmingham City Council and Another v Samuels: EAT 24 Oct 2007
The claimant was a Pakistani member of the Labour Party. He had sought selection as parliamentary candidate, but allegations had been made about behaviour of members in the Pakistani community in his ward and the local party had been suspended. A candidate was deliberately chosen who was not a member of that community. The claimant … Continue reading Watt (Formerly Carter) v Ahsan: HL 21 Nov 2007
EAT Victimisation Burden of proof Appeal – Perversity challenge on finding important for remedy. Cross-Appeal – Did ET misdirect itself on burden of proof on victimisation claim.As a matter of construction, the provisions of section 54A RRA did not apply to a claim of victimisation under section 2. Judges: The Honourable Mr Justice Wilkie Citations: … Continue reading Oyarce v Cheshire County Council: EAT 13 Jun 2007
EAT The appellant lodged claims under the Race Relations Act 1976 against the First Respondent. He contended they were in time. The ET held that they had been lodged a day out of time and refused to extend time on the just and equitable ground. The EAT held that the chairman was right to find … Continue reading Virdi v Commisioner of Police of the Metropolis, Central Police Training and Development Authority (Centrex): EAT 6 Oct 2006
EAT Practice and Procedure – 2002 Act and Pre-action Requirements Has the Claimant complied with Step 1 of the statutory grievance procedure where he presents his complaint at a meeting with his line manager who notes it down, it is accepted, accurately and contemporaneously? Employment Tribunal decided that he had. Appeal, given the particular facts … Continue reading Kennedy Scott Ltd v Francis: EAT 3 May 2007
A private school had refused to admit the claimant, a sikh, because he would be unable to wear the school uniform. He claimed racial discrimination. The school denied that being a Sikh was a membership of a racial or ethnic group. Held: Sikhs were a racial group defined by ethnic origins for the purpose of … Continue reading Mandla (Sewa Singh) v Dowell Lee: HL 24 Mar 1982
The claimant appealed dismissals of his claim for race discrimination, harassment and victimisation. In a new job, other team members said they were uncomfortable alone with him, and his probationary period was extended because of his failure to fit in. He said the tribunal had erred in failing to apply the two stage test set … Continue reading Brown v London Borough of Croydon and Another: CA 26 Jan 2007
EAT Practice and Procedure – Compromise1. On the true construction of a compromise agreement in respect of claims arising on the termination of the contract of employment, claims arising during the relationship and arising otherwise than on termination were not compromised. The agreement did not meet the industry standard for such model agreements.2. Further the … Continue reading Palihakkara v British Telecommunications Plc: EAT 9 Oct 2006
EAT Practice and Procedure – Application/Claim The Claimant, a doctor, put forward a complaint to the Tribunal that the MDU, his professional body, had been guilty of race discrimination in the manner in which they had provided or failed to provide services to him in connection with disciplinary proceedings against him. The Tribunal rejected his … Continue reading Wagunyanya v Medical Defence Union Services Ltd: EAT 6 Jul 2006
The testatrix left a will anticipating making another. The court was asked whether a clause leaving her estate to ‘be taken over by the Diocese of Westminster to hold in trust for the Black community of Hackney’ was valid. Held: The gift was capable of being charitable, subject to the application of the 1976 Act. … Continue reading Gibbs v Harding and others: ChD 12 Jan 2007
The claimant appealed against rejection of her claim for race discrimination as having been made out of time. Judges: Thorpe, Hooper, Hughes LJJ Citations: [2006] EWCA Civ 1548 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Citing: Cited – Dr Anya v University of Oxford and Another CA 22-Mar-2001 Discrimination – History … Continue reading Lyfar v Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals Trust: CA 14 Nov 2006
EAT The claimant alleged that she had been victimised contrary to the provisions of s.2(1) of the Race Relations Act 1976. The tribunal were satisfied that the claimant had carried out a protected act and that she had been treated less favourably than an appropriate comparator. The tribunal were of the view that the respondents … Continue reading Palmer v Dunedin Canmore Housing Association Ltd: EAT 6 Jul 2006
The claimant sought to allege race discrimination and appealed refusal by the respondents to release required documents. She had been turned down for an appointment to the Trident task force, and sought disclosure of the reasons. The respondent said that she had failed in her vetting, and that they were prohibited in law from disclosing … Continue reading Barracks v Coles and Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis: CA 21 Jul 2006
The employee claimed that he had been discriminated against. He had stood as a candidate in local elections for the British National Party (BNP) party. His employers had dismissed him saying that his propagation of racially discriminatory polices was incompatible with his duties. Held: The dismissal was not on racially discriminatory grounds, though considerations of … Continue reading Serco Ltd v Redfearn: CA 25 May 2006
EAT Unlawful Deduction From Wages and Race Discrimination: Post-EmploymentThe Employment Tribunal erred in construing ‘full salary’ payable on the suspension of the Claimant as fettering the employee’s right to end a short term temporary placement and restore him to his substantive grade which represented his ‘full salary’.The Employment Tribunal was directed on remission of one … Continue reading Serco Ltd T/A Education Bradford and others v Quarshie: EAT 17 Jan 2006
The claimant said that he had been indirectly discriminated against on racial grounds. He was dismissed after being elected as a local councillor for the BNP. The employer considered that for Health and Safety reasons, his dismissal was necessary because of the upset and disturbance his continued employment would create with Asian co-workers and passengers. … Continue reading A C Redfearn v Serco Ltd T/A West Yorkshire Transport Service: EAT 27 Jul 2005
The claimant sought to bring an action for race discrimination. The defendant argued that the alleged acts of discrimination took place whilst he was on a posting abroad in Cyprus after serving 16 years in England, and that therefore the tribunal did not have jurisdiction. The EAT considered that the question had to be looked … Continue reading Saggar v Ministry of Defence: CA 27 Apr 2005
A re-instatement award after a finding of racial discrimination is in two stage process. The first part consisting of the order for re-instatement stays the balance of the award provisionally until the order for re-instatement has been complied with or otherwise. Citations: Gazette 14-Jan-1998 Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Citing: See … Continue reading D’Souza v London Borough of Lambeth: EAT 14 Jan 1998
EAT Race Discrimination – Discrimination by other bodies – Race Discrimination Section 12 Race Relations Act 1976. Definition of qualifying body and profession of vocation. Did it apply to amateur footballer and local football league authorities? Judges: His Honour Judge Ansell Citations: [2004] UKEAT 0320 – 04 – 1609, UKEAT/0320/04 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations … Continue reading Jeffrey-Shaw v Shopshire County Premier Football League Shopshire County Football Association: EAT 17 Aug 2004
Citations: [2002] EWCA Civ 1305 Links: Bailii Statutes: Race Relations Act 1976 20 Jurisdiction: England and Wales Discrimination Updated: 27 June 2022; Ref: scu.217437
